| the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error | null hypothesis |
| Reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis, when in fact the null hypothesis is true | type 1 statistical error |
| Accepting the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is false | type 2 statistical error |
| Mode = Endurance-type physical activities
Intensity = moderate intensity PA (3 - 6 METs)
Frequency and duration = at least 150 - 300 min per week (30 mins, 5 days/week or 60 mins 3 days/week) | cardio guidelines for exercise prescription for improved health - Frequency, Mode, Intensity |
| Progression = Increase duration 5 – 10 mins every 1-2 weeks for the first 4-6 weeks of their exercise program
Time = 30-60 mins of moderate-intensity, 20-60 mins of vigorous-intensity,
Mode = aerobic activities that can be maintained continuously and that involve large muscle groups and require little skill to perform
Volume = target 1000 kcal/week moderate-intensity exercise • Daily pedometer steps: >5,400 – 7,900 steps daily | ACSM guidelines for exercise prescription for improved health and cardio respiratory fitness - General Healthy Population- Progression - Time - Mode and Volume |
| 2 days/week at moderate intensity to improve strength
should exercise the major muscle groups at least 2 days/week on nonconsecutive days
At least one set of 10-15 reps for 8-10 different exercises each workout
Exercise session should last 20-30 mins and not exceed 60 mins
48 hours of rest between exercise workouts | ACSM guidelines for resistance training for older adults |
| Mode: endurance activities (everyday) and resistance exercise (2 - 3 days a week)
Intensity: moderate-intensity endurance (40-60% VO2R) and resistance training (60-80% 1RM)
Duration: 30-60 mins or more of continuous aerobic PA per day and a min of one set (8-12 reps) of resistance training exercises for each major muscle group | ACSM exercise prescription for individuals with hypertension Mode, intensity, duration and Frequency |
| Exercise performed at least 3 days/week • avoid supine exercises and motionless standing after first trimester because this compromises venous return, which compromises cardiac output • Stop exercising when fatigued and should not exercise to exhaustion • non-weight-bearing activities are encouraged (ex. Cycling, swimming) • extra 300 kcal per day • Ensure fluid intake is sufficient | Guidelines: Pregnancy and exercise |
| 3 - 6 METS is how intense and what is the ventilatory symptomatology? | Moderate
Can pass talk test |
| High
Heavy breathing | >9 METS is how intense and what is the ventilatory symptomatology? |
| 150 mins of moderate PA weekly or 75 mins of vigorous PA • Adults should engage in 2 or more days of muscle strengthening activities that involve all major muscle groups | Physical Activity Guidelines for Chronic Care - Weekly time spent and Resistance Training |
| less than 2.59 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) | LDL cholesterol optimal level |
| 4.15 and up (160 mg/dL) | LDL cholesterol high level |
| (increased risk) less than 1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) | HDL cholesterol Low |
| (decreased risk) 1.55 mmol/L (60 mg/dL) | HDL cholesterol High |
| less than 5.18 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) | Total Cholesterol Optimal |
| 6.22 mmol/L and up (240 mg/dL) | Total Cholesterol High |
| less than 1.70 mmol/L (150 mg/L) | Fasting TGS Optimal |
| 2.3 – 5.6 mmol/L and up (200 -499 mg/dL | Fasting TGS High |
| Decreased oxygen in air at high altitude • Heart rate increase • Lower atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen necessitates increased cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demands | Altitude and body changes |
| Heart Size
Stroke Volume
Heart Rate
Blood Flow
Blood Pressure
Blood Volume | CV adaptations to training |
| Primary factor determining SV is increased preload • When the ventricle stretches more during filling, it contracts more forcefully • At level of muscle fibre – the greater the stretch of the myocardial cells, the more actin-myosin cross-bridges formed, and greater force is developed | What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism? |
| cardiac muscle mass and ventricular volume increase with training • Left ventricular wall thickness increases (increases contractility) | How is the size of the heart effected with CV training |
| • Increased capillarization
• Greater recruitment of existing capillaries
• More effective blood flow redistribution from inactive regions
• Increase total blood volume | How is Blood flow effected with CV training? |
| Lactate Threshold and Respiratory Exchange Ratio | What are the Two Metabolic Adaptations to Training |
| Lactate threshold • The higher the threshold, the better the performance capacity • In trained states, one can exercise at a higher percentage of one’s VO2 max before lactate begins to accumulate in the blood | Metabolic Adaptations to Training - Lactate threshold explain |
| Progressive degeneration of nerve cells that control muscle movements • Most common motor neuron disease among adults | What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? |
| Chronic disease affecting the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord and optic nerves) • Autoimmune disease caused by the immune system attacking and damaging the nervous system | What is Multiple sclerosis? |
| Neurological disorder that targets brain cells that control movement • Common symptoms: tremors, poor balance, depression, dementia • Disease targets neurons that produce dopamine | What is Parkinson’s Disease? |
| Low blood insulin levels attributable to the inability or reduced ability of the pancreas to produce insulin • Prone to hypoglycemia during and immediately after exercise because the liver fails to release glucose at a rate that can keep up with glucose utilization | Type 1 Diabetes |
| 1) Lack of target cell response to insulin (insulin resistance) • Because the cells become resistant to insulin, the hormone cannot perform its function of facilitating glucose transport across the cell membrane
2) Act of muscle contraction has an insulin-like effect • Membrane permeability to glucose increases with muscular contraction • Therefore, acute bouts of exercise decrease insulin resistance, and increase insulin sensitivity • Reduces cells’ requirements for insulin | Type 2 Diabetes (definition) and Benefits of X |
| Major blood vessels that supply the heart with blood, oxygen and nutrients (coronary arteries) become damaged or diseased •Plaque formation in the arteries and inflammation causes coronary artery disease •Plaque formation causes coronary arteries to narrow which decreases blood flow to the heart. This leads to angina (chest pain), shortness of breath and other symptoms. Complete blockage can lead to a heart attack •Angina – the heart does not get enough arterial blood supply | Coronary artery disease/ischemic heart disease |
| Occurs when blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced - Deprives brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients | Stroke |
| Occurs when heart muscle does not pump blood as well as it should • Conditions such as coronary artery disease or high blood pressure leave heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently | Congestive heart failure |
| A group of acute and chronic heart disorders that can occur as a result of rheumatic fever • Common result is heart valve damage (mainly mitral valve) • Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that affects many connective tissues of the body, especially those of the heart, joints, brain or skin • It starts out as strep throat | Rheumatic heart disease |
| Common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to limbs • Extremities (usually legs) don’t receive enough blood flow to keep up with demand • Causes leg pain while walking • PAD is also likely a sign of more widespread accumulation of fatty deposits in your arteries (atherosclerosis). This can reduce blood flow to your heart and brain, as well as legs | Peripheral arterial disease |
| Work of breathing increases • Hyperinflation places inspiratory muscles at a mechanical disadvantage • Increased dead space contributes to an inappropriately high ratio between physiological dead space and tidal volume | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| • Facilitation of ADLs • Cardiovascular reconditioning • Improved ventilator efficiency • Improved lactate thresholds • Increased strength and endurance | Benefits of PA on COPD |
| Max or submax tests • Cycle ergometer with low-level ramp protocol • Treadmill walking with low-level ramp or steady-state protocol | Best Exercise test for COPD |
| Cycle ergometer testing is safe and feasible • Due to significant loss of muscle function, survivors have a severely reduced maximal or peak oxygen uptake • The cycle is best to reduce the risk of unbalance and falls | acsm guidelines X types and problems - stroke |
| Improved tolerance of ADLs • Allows more PA to be completed at a lower submax threshold reduces myocardial oxygen demand | Goal of aerobics training for stroke |
| 30-60 minutes a day most days of the week is ideal • intensities of 40-70% of peak VO2 or HHR, while monitoring RPE | Frequency and duration of aerobics exercise with stroke |
| Umbrella term that encompasses a group of non-progressive, but changing motor impairments that affect muscle tone and occur secondary to early development lesions or anomalies in the motor control areas of the brain
Main consideration for muscular strength and endurance testing are stability, coordination, ROM and timing | cerebral palsy |
| Recommended that balance, gait, general mobility, range of motion, and manual muscle testing be performed
An individualized program is the goal
• Because the disease is chronic and progressive, an exercise program should begin early when the disease is first diagnosed and be maintained on a regular long-term basis
• Slow static stretches should be performed for all major muscle groups | parkinson's disease Exercise testing recommendations |
| independent mobility via weight-bearing or wheelchair ambulation, transfers, and self-care with or without assistive devices | Spinal Cord Dysfunction Rehab goals |
| • Increased activity and exercise may aggravate and increase pain in these patients • Patients may not respond positively to increased exercise • Increased walking and recreational activities may be a useful goal for these patients | Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuropathic Pain - Exercise/functional testing |
| Degenerative joint disease - Most common type of arthritis • Signs and symptoms
• Pain during joint use • Short-term stiffness • Gait problems • Muscle weakness | Osteoarthritis |
| Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovium of diarthrodial joints • Signs and symptoms
• Joint pain and swelling • Joint stiffness • Contractures • Fatigue • Muscle weakness • Low grade fever | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Chronic diffuse non-articular musculoskeletal pain • Not an inflammatory process • Signs and symptoms • Diffuse non-articular pain • Multiple tender points • Fatigue and sleep disturbance (most limiting feature) • Morning stiffness • IBS • Cognitive dysfunction | Fibromyalgia |
| Intracerebral – bleeding directly into the brain • Subarachnoid – bleeding into the spaces and spinal fluid around the brain | What are the two subtypes of Hemorrhagic stoke |
| Thrombotic – thrombus/clot forms on an atherosclerotic plaque
Embolic – material/embolus formed elsewhere in the vascular system and occludes an artery or arteriole | What are the two subtypes of Ischemic stroke |
| 0° to 130° - 140 | Knee - ROM Flexion |
| 120° to 0 | knee extension |
| 30 to 50 - Lower Body | Ankle - Plantar flexion |
| 15 to 20° | Ankle - dorsiflexion |
| 10 to 30° | Foot inversion |
| 10 to 20° | Foot eversion |
| 135 to 160 | Elbow Flexion |
| 150 | Elbow - Extension |
| 75 to 90° | Elbow Pronation |
| 75 to 90° - Elbow | Elbow - supination |
| 0° to 90° | Wrist - Flexion |
| 0° to 70 | Wrist - Extension |
| 0° to 25° | Wrist - abduction |
| 0° to 40° | ulnar deviation |
| 90 to 120° | Shoulder - Flexion |
| 20 to 60° | Shoulder - extension |
| 80 to 100° | Shoulder - abduction |
| 130° to 0° | Shoulder adduction |
| 70 to 90° | Shoulder - lateral rotation |
| 70 to 90° | medial rotation - Shoulder |
| the law of movement control for rapid aiming tasks, stating that movement time is linearly related to the index of movement difficulty | Fitts Law |
| The fulcrum is located between the weight (resistance) and the force • Example: joint between the head and the first vertebra • Head = resistance • Posterior muscles attaching to the skull (ex. Trapezius) = force | First Class Lever |
| The resistance is located between the fulcrum and the force | Second Class Lever |
| Most common lever in the human body • Force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum | Third Class Level |
