| What does a bone contain | store calcium and phsophate |
| hematopoiesis | production of blood cells |
| how many bones in the axial skeleton | 80 |
| how many vetebral bones | 26 |
| how many cranial bones | 8 |
| how many face bones | 14 |
| how many auditory bones | 6 |
| how many thorax | 1 sternum 24 ribs |
| bone to bone | ligament |
| muscle to muscle | tendons |
| what type of bone is the patella | sesamoid |
| where is the epiphyseal line located | metaphysis of long bone |
| where is fat stores | medullary cavity |
| what makes up the periosteum | Dense Irregular tissue |
| where does the bone grow | metaphysis |
| Name cranial bones | Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital , sphenoid, ethmoid |
| What are sutures | immovable joins that hold the skull together |
| name the sutures of the skull | Coronal, saggital , lambdoid, squamous |
| what does the vomer bone form | inferior nasal septum |
| What is the opening of the spinal cord | foramen magnum |
| does the temporal bone contain sinuses | no |
| which fontanel takes the longest to close | anterior fontanelle |
| Functions of the vetebral column | Support head, attatchment point for ribs/pelvic gurdle/ back muscles, encloses and protects the spine |
| What makes up the thoracic cage | sternum, costal cartilage, ribs, bodies of thoracic vertebrae |
| What makes up the pectoral gurdle | clavical, scapula, acromium, coracoid process, glenoid cavity and humerous |
| how many bones in each arm | 30 |
| what bones make up the upper arm | Ulna, Humerous, Radius, 8 Carpal, 5 metacarpal, 14 phalanges |
| What is the scaphoid | The easiest metacarpal to break in the hand, it attaches to the radius |
| Does the pectoral girdle touch the axial skeleton? | No, the pelvic girdle does |
| what makes up the pelvic girdle | sacrum, illium, pubis |
| biggest foramen in the body | obturator foramen |
| How many bone sin each leg | 30 |
| what bones make up the lower leg? | Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, 7 Tarsals, 5 meta tarsals, 14 phalanges |
| what is the calcanius | the heel meta tarsal |
| What is the talus | the most commonly broken meta tarsal in the foot- tibia puts the pressure on this |
| Function of the skeletal system | Support, movement, protection, store minerals, blood cell production, hearing |
| How many bones in the appendicular skeleton | 126 |
| What is bone tissue made up of | Cells, collagen fibres and minerals |
| What is compact bone | Makes up diaphysis of long bone, composed of osteons, perforating canals |
| define spongy 'trabecular' bone | short, flat, irregular bones and epiphysis, red bone marrow |
| Name the tissues of long bone | cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, articular cartilage |
| name the regions of long bone | diaphysis, epiphysis, mataphysis, medullary cavity |
| what part of the skeleton is the scapula in | appendicular (pectoral girdle) |
| what type of bone is composed of osteons | compact |
| What does the coronal suture unite | frontal and parietal bones |
| Sagittal suture unites what | unites the parietal bones |
| what does the lambdoid suture | parietal and occipital bones |
| What does the squamous suture unite | parietal and temporal bones |
| External auditory canal | canal in temporal bone, leads to middle ear |
| what does the temporal bone form | inferior sides of cranium and part of cranial floor |
| mastoid process | side attachment for muscles |
| styloid process | anchors muscles and ligaments in toung |
| what nerves do the formaina in the sphenoid pass | mandibular and optic nerves |
| Name paranasal sinuses | Frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus, ethmoidal sinus, maxillary sinus |
| functions of paranasal sinus | warm and moisten air, make skull less heavy, sound of voice |
| which bone has the mastoid process | temporal |
| which vertebrae are movable | all except sacrum and coccxy |
| What are intervertebral discs | Outter ring is fibrocartilage, interior is soft elastic. Provide shock absorption |
| What allows for the yes motion of the head | The Atlas |
| What allows for the no motion of the head | The axis |
| What term refers to hunchback | Kyphosis |
| What does the lateral end of the pectoral girdle articulate with | acromion of scapula |
| what does the medial end of the pectoral girdle articulate with | the sternum |
| what is the false pelvis | between the top of the illiac crests and the top of the pelvic brim |
| where does the proximal humerus articulate | glenoid cavity |
| Where does the femur articulate with the pelvis? | Acetabulum |
| What bones can you feel at the side fo your knee | lateral and medial condyles |
| what articulates with the talus | tibia |
| Osteoporosis factors | alcohol, corticosteriod, low calcium/estrogen, smoking, sedentary life |
| Define syndesmosis | Immovable joint |
| define amphiarthrosis | a slightly movable joint |
| define diarthrosis | a freely movable joint |
| Are synovial joints highly movable? | Yes (diarthrosis) |
| The types of synovial joints | plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball&socket |
| Define a plane joint | Atriculating surface is flat, bones glide back and forth and side to side, may rotate (between carpals and tarsals) |
| Define Hinge Joints | Convex surface fits into concave surface of another bone (elbow/knee/ankle) |
| Define pivot joints | Round/pointed surface fits into ring (radioulnar joint) |
| Condyloid Joints | Oval projection fits into oval cavity of another bone (wrist/metacarpalphalangeal joints) |
| Saddle joints | example is carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and thumb |
| Define ball and socket joints | shoulder and hip joints |
| What is the inner membrane in highly movable joints | synovial |
| what are skeletal muscle fibres formed by | Myoblasts |
| what is growth assisted by | Growth hormone, IGF and sex hormones |
| WHat muscle type is striated and involuntary | cardiac |
| what type of muscle tissue has branching cells and intercalcated discs | cardiac |
| What muscle tissue contracts the slowest | Smooth muscle |
| What bundles fo muscle tissue are surrounded by perimysium | fascicles |
| Muscle that surrounds the mouth | Orbicularis oris |
| Contracts during forced exhalation | Internal intercostals |
| What will cause the gastrocnemius to contract | Standing on toes |
| WHat causes hip flexion and lateral rotation of femur | psoas |
| Characteristics of skeletal muscle | Multinucleated, lots of mitochondria, containts transverse tubules, has myofibrils |
| Myofibrils | Bundles of contractile filaments that give striated appearance (cardiac and skeletal) |
| WHat is actin | (thin filament) has tropomyosin and troponin proteins |
| Myosin | Thick filament |
| sacromere | the smallest contractile unit |
| WHat causes action potentials in a motor neuron | Sodium ions |
| what is the first result of an action potential on sarcolemma | release of calcium |
| What shortens during contraction in the sacromere | I band and H zone |
| What calcium binds to | Troponin |
| what is required for a muscle to relax | ATP must bind to myosin |
| how a munscle fibre can form ATP | Phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate, PXIDATIVE PHOS of ADP in mitchondria and PHOSPHORYLATION of ADP by the glycolytic pathway in the cytosol |
| first energy used by muscle cells at start of exercise | creatine phosphate |
| which fibre has the most myoglobin | SLow twitch |
| WHat is the main pathway for ATP production in slow twitch fibres | oxidative phos |
| muscle type used for endurance, red and lots of mitochondria | slow oxidative |
| what happens when muscles contract | myosin heads bind to actin |
| Neuromuscular junction | where a motor neuron connects to a skeletal muscle fibre |
| What is released into synaptic cleft for allow for action potential of muscle contraction | acetylocholine |
| where does ATP come from | Creatine phsophate, glycolisis, oxidative phos |
| what causes an allergic reaction | immune system reacing to non harmful environmental antigens |
| How are vaccines aquired | Live attenuated, killed virus, toxoids, biotech |
| what produces antibodies (immunoglobulins) | B cells |
| ANtigen | Any molecule on a surface of an infectious organism that can be recognised by any immune cell |
| What is adapative immunity | long term protection from infectious organisms (T cells-cell mediated response) (B cells-humoral response) |
| what is innate immunity | prevent infection & non specific cellular responses to infectious organisms (skin, epthelial tissue, trigger cells) |
| How does lymph travel | throgh lymphatic system, then returned to blood stream via sibclavian viens |
| function of lympahtic system | draining interstitial fluid, transport dietary fat and vitamins |
| cell type involved in allergic reactions | Mast cells |
| autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland | Graves disease |
| What does bone marrow contain | hematopoietic stem cells that differ into red/white BC's and platelets (B cells mature) |
| What does the thymus contain | Contains thymocytes(immature T cells)- mature to eleminate cells that recognise self antigens |
| Red Pulp (spleen) | COntains red blood cells, plateletes, macrophanges. location of breakdown of old red blood cells |
| White pulp (spleen) | lymphocytes, macrophanges, dendric cells. Adaptive immune response |
| lymphatic nodules | not surrounded by capsule (tonsils, adenoids, peyers patches) |
| what are antigens | detects foriegn protiens on surface of pathogen when it enters the body |
| Basophils | Release histamine & cytokines, invovled in allergic reaction and parasitic infections, least common WBC |
| Neutrophils | First responder/produce chemicals in inflam response (histamine, vasodilators, reactive oxygen & CYTOKINES) phagocytic |
| Eosinophils | Parasitic infections (worms), produce histamine in allergies, asthma and inflamation |
| Monocytes | Migrate into tissue and differ into macrophanges and dendritic cells |
| Mast cells | Involved in allergic & anaphylaxix by releasing histamin when interaction with IgE occurs, wound healing, common near body openings |
| Dendritic cells | Phagocytic, present in tissues with environment contact (skin lungs gi tract) APC that stimulates lymphcytes |
| macrophanges | APC's, phagocytuc, secret toxic chemicals, secret cytokines |
| Natural killer cells | kill virus-infected cells and cancer using perofrin, kills cells opsonized with antibodies, produces memory cells |
| non cellular responses of second line of defense | perforin, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever |
| Interferons | produced in cells infected by virus/bacterial toxins |
| what do interferons activiate | natural killer cells |
| complement system | 20 different protiens that float in plasma inactive until they encounter fungal cell |
| lysozyme | part of bodies first line of defense |
| what causes vasodilation | histamine and prostaglandin |
| cells involved in adaptive immune response | B cells, helper T/cytotoxic T/regulatory T and plasma cells |
| B cells | produce cytokines/memory cells, turn into plasma when activated, antigen presenting, contain specific receptors |
| helper T cells | only respond to antigen by APC, produce memory & cytokines that activate B/cytotoxic T, macrphangesm dendritic and NK cells, |
| regulatory T cells | inhibits immune response |
| cytotoxic T cells | directly kills virus/cancer and transplant tissue. produce memory cells |
| antigen presentation | when macrophanges phagocytos and digest microbes then display them on their cell surface to alert other cells |
| what are T cellls | originate in bone marrow - migrate to thymus gland for mature. recognise microorganisms and virus by antigens on surface |
| B cells | mature in bone marrow, turn into plasma cells when antigen is encountered. coat antigen and mark the cell for distruction |
| what are lymphocytes | white blood cells critical to immune responses |
| another word for humoral immune response | b cell response |
| where do body cells infected with a virus present antigens | on MHC 1 (flagpole) |
| which cell type secrets antibodies | plasma cells |
| what type of immune response does a vaccine initiate | aritficial active immunity |
