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level: Level 1 of Toxic Effects of Plants, Fungi, and Algae

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Toxic Effects of Plants, Fungi, and Algae

Question	Answer
Reasons for variability in concentration of toxic chemicals	1 Different portions of the plant may contain different concentrations 2 The age of the plant contributes to variability 3 Climate and soil influence the synthesis of some chemicals 4 Genetic difference within a species alter the ability of plants to synthesize a chemical
- plants that can be found in TEMPERATE REGIONS - Manifestation: erythema, redness, flaking, blistering, thickening of skin	Contact dermatitis
Plants that causes Contact dermatitis	1 Stinging nettles 2 Mucuna pruriens (cowhage) 3 Ranunculus (buttercup) 4 Genus Euphorbia (euphorbiaceae, spurge family)
delayed reaction - Manifestation: erythema, vesication, inflammation of skin - Workers (harvesters of plants, flower growers)	Allergic Dermatitis
Plants that causes Allergic Dermatitis	1 Poison Ivy 2 Chrysanthemums (Dendranthema species) 3 Rhus (Anacardiaceae, cashew family) 4 Philodendron (Araceae, arum family) 5 Mango (Mangifera indica, anacardiaceae) 6 Daffodils, hyacinths and tulips
Effect: erythema/ skin redness, vesication, thickening, same effect with dermatitis but with exposure to sunlight	Photosensitivity
Plants that causes Photosensitivity	1 Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)
1 instant or immediate reaction - Particularly the LEAVES (TRICHOMES- can punctured skin once in contact = release an IRRITATING SAP that contain a mixture of FORMIC ACID, HISTAMINE, ACETYLCHOLINE & SEROTONIN) 2 has caused death in humans and animals	1 Stinging nettles 2 Poisonous tree nettle (Urtica Ferox)
release MUCINAIN/MUCINAE (proteinase) = responsible for PRURITIS (pain on specific area on the skin, itching, erythema, blistering/vesication) Defense is similar to stinging nettles but the trichomes can be found in LEGUME PODS	Mucuna pruriens (cowhage)
Contain RANUNCULIN, which releases the toxic principle PROTOANEMONIN (readily converted into anemonin = has the mark irritant property)	Ranunculus (buttercup)
- Contains 100 species that dispersed in temperate and also tropical regions - Characterized by their STEMS & LEAVES: excludes MILKY LATEX when damaged - LATEX CONTAINS DITERPENE ESTERS which are irritating to the skin	Genus Euphorbia (euphorbiaceae, spurge family)
- ALLERGENS are located in the OUTER CELL LAYERS of plant organs (all body parts: roots, leaves, stems)	Poison Ivy
- Allergens: SESQUITERPENE LACTONES- present in SMALL HAIRS (trichomes - stems, undersides of leaves, flowering heads) - Used in bouquets, decorating flowers	Chrysanthemums (Dendranthema species)
- house plants/ ornamental plants	Philodendron (Araceae, arum family)
- CONTAINS OLEORESINS in skin part that can cross react with the allergens of poison ivy (causes severe allergic reaction) - Allergic dermatitis May develop with repeated exposure to the sap	Mango (Mangifera indica, anacardiaceae)
- ALKALOIDS (MASONIN, LYCORIN, and several related alkaloids) or to needle-like crystals of CALCIUM OXALATE (causes allergic dermatitis) - PULP & STEM in flowers - Extrude sap	Daffodils, Hyacinths and Tulips
- The toxic principle is HYPERICIN (an bianthraquinone), it is present throughout the plant - Causes poisoning of different livestock (goat, sheep- ingest the plant) - Appears photosensitization and lesions when animals are exposed to sunlight - Manifestation of EDEMATOUS LESIONS: skin areas that are not / less covered with the hair (ears, nose, eyes) - Humans: EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET therapy it can ENHANCE THE PHOTOSENSITIZATION	Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort)