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level: Level 3

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 3

QuestionAnswer
1 actions of drug on the body 2 actions of the body on the drug1 Pharmacodynamics 2 Pharmacokinetics
LADMERS• Liberation of an active ingredient from the dosage form • Absorption into systemic circulation • Distribution • Metabolism in the body • Excretion of the drug from the body • Response
the transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstreamAbsorption
the drug moves from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration - does not involve a carrier and not saturable - movement is along the concentration gradientPassive Diffusion
• directly proportional to the concentrations, surface area and permeability coefficient • inversely proportional to the thickness of the membraneFick's Law of Diffusion
drugs enter the cell through specialized transmembrane carrier proteins that facilitate the passage of large molecules – movement is along concentration gradient – does not require energy & can be saturated – may be inhibited by compounds that compete for the carrierFacilitated Diffusion
involves specific carrier proteins that span the membrane – energy-dependent & saturable – movement is against the concentration gradient – selective and may be competitively inhibited by other cotransported substancesActive Transport
engulfment of a drug by the cell membrane and transport into the cell by pinching off the drug-filled vesicleEndocytosis
reverse of endocytosisExocytosis
Factors influencing absorption1 Effect of pH on drug absorption 2 Blood flow to the absorption site 3 Total surface area available for absorption 4 Contact time at the absorption surface
Absorbs nutrients in the small intestinemicrovilli
responsible for transporting various molecules, including drugs, across cell membranes - "pumps" drugs out of the cells - associated with multi-drug resistanceExpression of P-glycoprotein
• the fraction (F) of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation • determined by comparing plasma levels of drugs after a particular route of administration with levels achieved by IV administrationBioavailability
Bioavailability is usually measured using __Area Under the Curve (AUC)
1) 100% Bioavailability, most rapid onset 2) 5 to <100 Bioavailability, most convenient; may have significant First Pass Effect1 Intravenous 2 Oral
Factors Influencing Bioavailability1 First-pass Hepatic Metabolism 2 Solubility of the drug 3 Chemical instability 4 Nature of the drug formulation
Show comparable bioavailability and similar times to achieve peak blood concentrationsBIOEQUIVALENCE
Pharmaceutically equivalent with similar chemical and safety profilesTHERAPEUTIC EQUIVALENCE
if the drugs have the same dosage form, contain the same active ingredient, and use the same route of administrationPharmaceutical Equivalence