| what is meant by an unsaturated hydrocarbon | compounds containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond |
| what is a saturated compound | compounds containing only single carbon to carbon bonds |
| what is an addition reaction | when two molecules combine to form a single molecule |
| what is hydrogenation | reaction between an alkene and hydrogen to form an alkane |
| what is hydration | reaction between an alkene and water to form an alcohol |
| how are dihaloalkanes formed | when alkenes react with halogens |
| what kind of compounds can undergo addition reactions | unsaturated compounds
(those containing carbon to carbon double bonds) |
| how do you test for unsaturation | an unsaturated compound will quickly decolourise bromine solution |
| what is a full structural formula | shows all the bonds present in a compound |
| what is a shortened structural formula | shows the order of the atoms but omits the carbon to hydrogen bonds
eg. CH3CH2CH2CH3 |
| what is an isomer | compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula |
| what are two features of isomers: | may belong to different homologous series
usually have different physical properties |
| what is the effect of hydrogen bonding on solubility | the presence of O-H or N-H bonds will increase the solubility of a compound
this is due to the covalent bond formed between hydrogen and the highly electronegative O, N or F elements. Hydrogen bonding indicates the molecules are polar and hence soluble in water. |
| what type of solvents can dissolve molecules with permanent dipole interactions | polar solvents Molecules with permanent dipole are considered polar so therefore tend to be soluble in polar solvents. |
| what happens to boiling point as you increase the size of a compound | increases when molecule size increases number of electrons increases therefore higher chance of instantaneous dipoles and higher LDF's as a result. |
| what is volatility | a measure of the ease of evaporation of a substance |
| what happens to volatility as you increase the size of a molecule | volatility decreases as when molecule size increases, there are more electrons, more chance of instantaneous dipoles and stronger LDF's, meaning more energy is required for the substance to boil and therefore evaporate |
