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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Describes the process of repeatedly going through the circular design process. An iteration would be one cycle of the process	Iterative
Developing products with the end user fully in mind. Such products are easy to use	User-centred design UCD
Concerns the design of products that are easy or comfortable to use. It is the study of the interacting between products and humans	Erganomics
Body measurements	Anthropometrics
Research carried out first hand - not using internet, books or magazines. Often using interviews, observations, disassembly of product.	Primary investigation
Research information that is gathered from books and the internet	Secondary investigation
A 19th century design movement that rebelled against the use of machines in design	Arts and Crafts movement
An early-20th century German design school started by Walter Gropius	Bauhaus
The aesthetic appearance of a product is dictated by the way it works	Form follows function
A late-20th century design group who challenged modernist design views	Memphis design
The development of products using flowing curves and chrome detailing inspired by the increased study into aerodynamics in the early 20th century	Streamlining
The stages a product goes through from its introduction, growth and maturity to its eventual decline and replacement	Product life cycle
How society and the economy interact to create particular circumstances	Social-economics
The limitation of the availability of certain goods, usually in response to a shortage created by a war or other crisis	Rationing
Post WW2 basic basic products that were often rationed	Utility products
A post WW2 British organisation set up to improve design standards and comparatives	Council of Industrial Design COID
Miniature electronic devices and systems facilitated by the development of the IC	Microelectronics
Something that has the minimum possible impact on the environment	Sustainable
Something considered by society to be morally fair	Ethical
A social movement to encourage the ethical treatment of farmers and workers in developing countries	Fairtrade
The combined ways of living developed by a group of people, that is passed from generation to generation	Culture
Consideration of the needs of the widest possible range of people	Inclusivity
A system to organise designing and making a prototype of a product	Design process
Either a 3D CAD drawing or a physical mock-up used to communicate designs to others, or to improve particular aspects of a design	Model
A list of key points that a designer follows when developing designs and making prototypes and summarising the main requirements to be incorporated into the design	Specification
A technique modifying existing designs to create new ideas	SCAMPER
Legislative requirements for a range of processes and products	Standards
Having the qualifications necessary to carry our a function such as awarding certification for conformity	Accredited
Symbols used on products that conform to appropriate standards	BSI kitemark and CE mark
Independently executed inquires relating to products and their use by consumers	Market research
Market research activity utilising the views of a particular demographic group	Focus groups
A specific category of the population, such as single men between age 21 and 40 who live with their parents	Demographic group
Reaching appropriate standards to obtain certification	Conformity
Report on the effectiveness of a design - or elements of it	Evaluation
Taking products off the market and asking consumers to return them due to faults that must be rectified, usually for safety precautions	Product recall
Opinions that are independent of any influence from interested parties	Objective (3rd party) views
Methods and guidelines that an employer will used to endure the safety of employees, visitors and others within the workplaces	Safe working practices
A document taking consideration of what might cause harm to people and if reasonable steps are being to prevent that harm	Risk assessment
A product that has been designed and manufactured for a single, specific situation	One-off
A set number of products are made at one time. To ensure consistency through the batch, manufacturers use control devices such as jigs and templates, as well as dedicated and CNC machinery	Batch-production
Large quantities of the same standard product or component are made	Mass production
The amount of conformity of a measurement to the required value	Accuracy
The acceptable upper and lower limits of accuracy of a measurement	Tolerance
The process of using tools to check existing dimensions	Measurement
the transfer of designs onto pieces of material or parts	Marking out
A surface or edge used as a reference from which measurements are taken to improve accuracy	Datum
A device used to control the motion of a tool such as a drill relative to a workpiece	Jig
A robust frame, with holding points and clamps to hold product competes firmly in place for manufacturing processes such as welding	Fixture
A rigid shape or pattern, used to transfer a design onto a workpiece to ensure consistency	Template
reduce, reuse, recycle, repair, rethink, refuse	Six Rs of sustainability
Cut down the amount of material and energy used to make and package the product	Reduce
Convert waste products into new materials for new products	Recycle
When a product of competent fails, fix it rather than throwing away	Repair
Exercise consumer choice as to whether to buy a product or not	Refuse
Change the way that products are designed and manufactured so they carry out the same function, but more efficiently	Rethink
At the end of a product life, reuse the product for the same or another purpose	Reuse
The total amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of an individual, a community or an organisation	Carbon footprint
Measures direct emissions of CO2 from the burins of fossil fuels, including transport and domestic energy consumption	Primary carbon footprint
Measures indirect CO2 from the products we use	Secondary carbon footprint
An approach that anticipates and designs for biological and technical ‘nutrients’ to be continuously reuse at the same quality; dramatically reducing the dependancy on sourcing new materials	Circular economy
The procedures and polices put in place to reduce waste and ensure manufactured products are produces accurately within set tolerances	Quality assurance QA
A project management method which focuses on the organisation of workplace teams to reduce the lead time of projects	Scrum
A project management system focusing on QA through the full involvement of the workforce in continual improvement	Total quality management TQM
A project management method used to analyse al individual stages within a project and plan the effective and time efficient completion of each element within the desired schedule	Critical path analysis CPA
The monitoring, checking and testing of materials, components, equipment and products throughout production to ensure they conform to acceptable tolerances	Quality control QC
A national organisational formed to devise agreed standard produces for performing a wide range of tasks	British standards institute BSI
A federation of national standards institutions that devise international standards to improve safety, productivity and reliability	International Standards Organisation ISO
A directive aimed at preventing hazardous substances from entering the production process in order to prevent damage to human health and the environment	Restriction of Hazardous Substances RoHS
A mandatory European directive that covers the end of life of electronic equipment	Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment WEEE
A council that manages a certification system to identify and label timber and timber-based products from sustainable sources	Forest Stewardship council