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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Object recognition in humanscan identify objects and understand how to interact with them e.g. mountain
what are Feature detectors:feature detector neurons in the visual cortex responded to features such as lines, dots, colours etc
Brain part for feature detectorsDorsal visual stream - determines 'where is it?' - spatial awareness of an object
what is Pattern Recognition?we often perceive the whole before the final details psychologist found performance speed with small letters was slowed if the larger letter was different
What are the laws of Gestalt psychology?1. Law of proximity 2. Law of similarity 3. Law of good continuation 4. Law of closure
Definition of Law of proximityvisual elements close in space are grouped together
Definition of law of similaritysimilar elements are grouped together
definition of law of good continuationelements grouped together requiring fewest changes or interruptions in straight or smoothly curving lines
definition of law of closuremissing parts of a figure are filled to complete the figure
What is bottom-Up processing?purely what you observe and see
what is top-down processing?using prior knowledge to identify what an object is
what is the law of Pragnanz?we perceive the simplest possible organisation of the visual field
weakness of gestalt psychologycontrary evidence found compared background identification of familiar and unfamiliar objects amnesic patients showed no differences in identifying background of familiar and unfamiliar stimuli
What is the spatial frequency theory?suggests 2 systems 1. quickly process low spatial frequency 2. process high spatial frequency milliseconds later
spatial frequency and ventral/dorsal stream:low spatial frequency: processed by fast magnocellular pathway high definition details - processed by parvocellular pathway
what is low spatial frequency?this is fast processing and seeing the whole object
what is high spatial frequency?processing looking at the details
spatial frequency theorydifferent neurons in visual cortex respond to high vs low spatial frequencies focus on the whole and then details if we want to
object recognition theory1. stimulus --> a primal sketch of stimulus --> 2.5D sketch --> 3D model --> object
recognition by components theoryall objects are made up of basic shapes (geons) - e.g. cylinders, blocks, arcs etc
top down Bar et al theorytop-down processes in orbitofrontal cortex are more important when recognition of objects is difficult
interactive-iterative frameworktop-down processes (context) influence allocation of attention attention influences bottom-up processing knowledge drives searching for features this repeats until object is recognised (only for difficult objects)
facial recognitionrepeated exposure to the face leads to better recognition
how do humans recognise faces?Holistically (look at whole face not details) more rapid than object recognition more reliable than object recognition
face inversion effecthumans are slower at identifying faces when they are inverted
Face blindness 'prosopagnosia'individuals with this issue cannot recognise faces this is severely impaired face processing
prosopagnosia evidenceresearcher showed familiar and unfamiliar faces to a proropagnostic (PS) who didn't recognise any of the faces familiar or not however, PS showed more activation in brain area associated with face recognition when seeing familiar faces 1. damage to brain area specific to face processing 2. facial recognition of a specific person more difficult that identifying category (i.e. bird, car etc)
Double dissociation in prosopagnosia patientssome PP patients have poor facial recognition but o object recognition there could be a double dissociation if there were ppts who had good facial recognition but bad object recognition case studies of individuals who have this are available - more research is still needed
What is the 'fusiform face area'?a section of the brain associated with face processing patients with pp have damage to occipital face area as well as fusiform area