| 7 | How many cervical vertebrae are there? |
| 12 | How many thoracic vertebrae are there? |
| 5 | How many lumbar vertebrae are there? |
| 5- all fused together | How many sacral vertebrae are there? |
| 3-5 | How many coccygeal vertebrae are there? |
| body, pedicles, transverse process, lamina, spinous process, vertebral foramen/canal, intervertebral notch/foramen, articular facet | Name the structures of a typical vertebrae |
| Spinal nerve (branched from spinal cord) | What lies in the intervertebral foramen? |
| secondary cartilaginous joint (hyaline + fibrocartilage) | What type of joint occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae (the intervertebral disk)? |
| synovial planar joints | What type of joint occurs between the articular facets of adjacent vertebrae? |
| Atlas | What name is given to C1 |
| Axis (has a process up to C1 called the Dens that allows rotation of the head) | What name is given to C2 |
| vertibral prominence | What name is given to C7 |
| small spinous process/vertebral body, spinous biphids and transverse foramen | Give the features of a cervical vertibrae |
| angled down spinous process, demi facets for rib attachement, more prominent articular facets, middle sized vertebral body | Give the features of the thoracic vertebrae |
| very large, flat/wide spinous process which is straight (horizontal) | Give the features of a lumber vertebrae |
| the anulus fibrosis (fibrocartilage) and the nucleus pulposus (hyaline cartilage) | What are the two structures that make up the intervertebral disc? |
| Hernia of the intervertibral disc resulting in the nucleus pulposus compressing the nerve root | What is a slipped disc? |
| supraspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, intraspinous ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament, postererior longitudinal ligament | name the stabilising ligaments of the vertebral column |
| there is a cervical curvature (caused by development of muscles and tendons naturally) and lumbar curvature caused by walking | what happens to neonates spines? |
| Lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis | what are the three anomalies of the vertebral column? |
| flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation | movements of the cervical vertebrae |
| rotation, lateral flexion | movements of the thoracic vertebrae |
| flexion, extension | movements of the lumbar vertebrae |
| The spinae erector muscles to extend the spine | what is the main muscle that acts on the vertebrae dorsally? |
| sternocliedomastiod, anterior abdominal wall muscles (bilateral causes flexion, unilateral causes rotation and lateral flexion) | major anterior muscle groups acting upon the vertebrae |
| sternomanubrial joint, arch or aorta and bifurcation of the trachea | What occurs at vertebral level of T4? |
| L3-4 in adults and L4-5 in children (large spacing between spinous processes, especially when spine is flexed allowing easy access to the cerbrospinal fluid) | which vertebral space is used for lumbar puncture? |
| -around the pectoralis major muscle
-at bifurcation of the trachea
-around root of arteries in abdomen and pelvis
-superficial and deep groups in neck | Location of major groups of lymph nodes |
| B lymphocytes in cortex and T lyphocytes in paracortex
The lighter ares in the circles in the image contain the B lymphocytes | What main cell types are found in a lympoid node? |
| filter the lymph for immulogical defence | What is the function of a lymph node? |
| the first node that drains a cancer (likely place for metastisis) | What is sentinal node? |
| drains the lymph from the right arm and right half of the thoracic cavity + head | what is the lymphatic duct? |
| drains the majority of the body, on the left side | what is the thoracic duct |
| a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava. It connects the systems of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the right atrium when either of the venae cavae is blocked | what is the azygous vien? |
| At L1 at the cisterna chyli, it lies on the posterior thoracic wall between the azygoes vein and the descending aorta and eventually drins into the subclavian artery | where does the thoracic duct commence? |
| begins at the occipital bone and extends down to space between L1-2 (L3 in children) vertebrae | where does the spinal cord start and finish? |
| filum terminale which attaches inferiorly to the dorsal cocyx and acts as an anchor preventing the spina cord moving up and down | what is the fibrous end of the spinal cord called |
| resulting from more grey matter required to form the plexus for the upper and lower limbs | why is there an enlargement of the spinal cord in the cervical and lumber regions? |
| conus medullaris | Which structure does the cauda equina emerge from? |
| L2-S5 (+Cc) | What spinal nerves form the cauda equina? |
| motor bodies | What is grey matter made of? |
| myelinated axons | What is white matter made of? |
| autonamic (sympathetic), these are located between T1-L2 and only have one synapse | What type of neve impulses are associated with the lateral horn cells? |
| pia mater, arachniod marter and dura marter | what are the three layers of the meninges called? |
| S2/3 | what level does the dura and arachnoid marter descend to? |
| in the subarachniod space | where is the cerbrial spinal fluid contained |
| Arterial- from aorta and its branches running the length of the cord
vertebral venous plexus- in the fatty tissue between dura marter and vertebrae (epidural space), these veins have no valves | how is the blood supplied/taken away from the spinal cord? |
| The anterior and posterior horns and supply skeletal muscle, they have two synapses | Where does the somatic system originate from? |
| a vertically arranged chain of interconnecting ganglia either side of the vertebrae | what is the sympathetic chain? |
| 90-95 | revise pages from book |
