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level: Level 1 of Personality Disorders

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Personality Disorders

Question	Answer
Enduring maladaptive patterns for relaxing to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment of subjective distress.	Personality disorder
Enduring, inflexible predispositions, maladaptive and cuase distress/impairment, High comorbidity with other disorders. Generally poor prognosis. Ego-syntonic. 10 personality disorders in 3 clusters.	An overview of personality disorders
DSM-5 divides personality disorders into 3 clusters (groups). The division is based on resemblance. Clusters A, B and C.	Personality disorder clusters
Cluster A is comprised of odd or eccentric personalities and includes paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders.	Cluster A
Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion. Few meaningful relationships; sensitive to criticism. Poor quality of life. Treatment focuses on the development of trust.	Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder
Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships, very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations. Aetiology is unclear; childhood shyness (experienced abuse or neglect in childhood), resembles autism. Treatment focuses on empathy and social skills.	Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
Behaviour and dress is odd and unusual; socially isolated and highly suspicious; magical thinking, ideas of reference and illusions. Some conceptualise this as resembling a milder form of schizophrenia. Theorised as a milder experssion of a schizophrenic gene. Likely to develop after trauma. Almost half meet the criteria for depression. Treatment focuses on social skills, prognosis is poor.	Cluster A: : Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster B is comprised of dramatic, emotional and erratic personalities and includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders.	Cluster B
A pervasive pattern of disregard for a violation of the rights of others; lack of a conscience, empathy and remorse. Callous-unemotional type might evolve into antisocial PD. May be very charming, interpersonally manipulative. Treatment focuses on prevention and rehabilitation with an emphasis on selfish motivation. Poor prognosis.	Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder (pt 1)
A pervasive pattern of unstable moods, self-image, interpersonal relationships and control over impulses; self-mutilation and suicidal gestures. High comorbidity with mood disorders (depression, suicide, bipolar, substance abuse, eating disorders). Antidepressants offer short term relief and dialectical behavioural therapy.	Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder
Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder that involves exposing the sufferer to stressors in controlled situations as well as helping the client regulate emotions an cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behaviour.	Dialectical Behavioural Therapy
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking; impulsive and need to be the centre of attention, may be sexually provocative. May strain interpersonal relationships. Female co-variant of Antisocial Personality disorder. Poor prognosis. Treatment focuses on negative consequence of attention seeking.	Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behaviour, need for admiration and lack of empathy. Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance; arrogant. Preoccupation with receiving attention. Emphasise realistic goals and coping skills for dealing with criticism. Poor prognosis.	Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster C is comprised of anxious and fearful personalities and includes avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.	Cluster C
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy (low self esteem), and hypersensitivity to criticism. Treatment involves a focus on social skills, entering anxiety-provoking situations. Some researchers believe avoidant personality disorder and social anxiety disorder are the same thing.	Cluster C: Avoidant Personality Disorder
Characterised by a persons pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive and clinging behaviour and fear of separation. Treatment focuses on skills that foster confidence and independence. Poor prognosis.	Cluster C: Dependent Personality Disorder
Characterised by a persons pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibilty, openness and efficiency. Obsessions and compulsions are rare. Treatment focuses on fears related to the need for orderliness as well as rumination, procrastination and feelings of inadequacy.	Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
6% of the general population; thought to begin in childhood.	Prevalence
Men are more aggressive so there is a male bias for antisocial personality disorder. Women are more submissive and insecure and there is a female bias for histrionic personality disorder. Comorbidity is the rule, often have 2 or more personality disorders and mood or anxiety disorder.	Gender distribution