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level: Level 1 of Chapter 7

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Chapter 7

Question	Answer
The abrupt awakening of a child or adult from deep sleep in a state of panic, usually about one hour after falling asleep. The person typically remembers nothing about the episode in the morning.	Sleep (night) terror
A thick band of nerve fibers that connects both hemispheres of the brain.	Corpus Callosum
Physical skills that involve the large muscles.	Gross motor skills
Physical skills that involve the small muscles and hand-eye coordination.	Fine motor skills
Increasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.	Systems of action
Preference for using a particular hand.	Handedness
In the first stage of children’s artistic development, the vertical and zigzag lines drawn in patterns by young children.	Scribble
Circles, squares, triangles, and other figures drawn by young children in the second stage of artistic development.	Shapes
The stage of artistic development in which children combine shapes into more complex designs.	Designs
The stage of artistic development in which children draw actual depictions of objects, such as houses and trees.	Pictorial
In Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought but are not yet able to use logic.	Preoperational stage
Piaget’s term for ability to use mental representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.	Symbolic function
Imitation of an action at a later time, based on a mental representation of the observed action.	Deferred imitation
Play involving imaginary people or situations. Also called fantasy, dramatic, or imaginary play.	Pretend play
The use of a system of symbols (words) to communicate.	Language
In Piaget’s terminology, a preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular experiences, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship.	Transduction
The concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change in form, size, or appearance.	Identities
Tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive.	Animism
The concept of more or less, bigger or smaller.	Ordinality
The last number-name used is the total number of items being counted.	Cardinality principle
In Piaget’s theory, tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and ignore others.	Centration
In Piaget’s terminology, to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.	Decenter
Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view.	Egocentrism
Piagetian assessment in which a child sits facing a table that holds three large mounds, with a doll in the opposite chair. The child is asked how the “mountains” would look to the doll.	Three-mountain task
Awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object.	Conservation
A preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.	Irreversibility
the tendency for preoperational children to focus on the end states rather than the transformations from one state to another.	Focus on successive states
Awareness and understanding of mental processes.	Theory-of-mind
Ability to understand that others have mental states and to judge their feelings and intentions.	Social cognition
Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.	Generic memory
General remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior.	Script
Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.	Episodic memory
Memory of specific events in one’s own life.	Autobiographical memory
Model, based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which proposes that children construct autobiographical memories through conservation with adults about shared events.	Social interaction model
Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation.	Fast mapping
The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes.	Pragmatics
Speech intended to be understood by a listener.	Social speech
Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate.	Private speech