| What is the primary sensory system of the human body? | The visual system |
| The eyes contain ___% of the sensory receptors of the body. | 70% |
| Name the 5 orbital bones: | 1. Frontal
2. Zygomatic
3. Ethmoid
4. Sphenoid
5. Lacrimal |
| What are tears composed of? | Water
Mucus
Lysozyme |
| What gives shape to the eye? | The sclera |
| The outer most layer of the eye is composed of the _____ and ______. | Sclera and cornea |
| What is the clear layer that covers the iris? | Cornea |
| The cornea is innervated by which cranial nerve? | Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal) |
| Which reflex protects the retina from intense light and permits clearer, acute near vision? | Pupillary constriction |
| Which part of the eye receives images and transmits impulses through the optic nerve to the brain? | Retina |
| ______ are receptors for vision in dim light and do not perceive color | Rods |
| Rods and cones respond to light by way of ________. | Photopsin |
| Which vitamin is required to synthesize photopsin? | Vitamin A |
| What helps maintain the eye's shape, keeps retina attached to the choroid, and refracts light? | Aqueous humor |
| How does vitreous humor differ from aqueous humor? | It is not replaced continuously |
| What are the 4 basic processes necessary to form an image? | 1. Refraction
2. Accommodation
3. Constriction
4. Convergence |
| What does puffing air onto the surface of the open eye measure? | Intraocular pressure |
| Which study uses a cone-shaped device to depress the eyeball and assess for internal pressure? | Goldmann tonometry |
| At what distance should a blind person's walking companion should precede them? | 1 foot |
| What is the primary resource for services for the blind patient? | The local government |
| Condition of nearsightedness is called _______ | Myopia |
| What is hyperopia? | The condition of farsightedness |
| Keratitis is inflammation of the ______. | Cornea |
| What is the most common VIRAL agent responsible for corneal inflammation? | HSV |
| What is the most common symptom of keratitis? | Severe eye pain |
| What treatment is contraindicated in a patient with keratitis? | Corticosteroids |
| What is a keratoplasty? | Corneal transplant |
| Keratitis can be triggered by which 3 factors? | Stress
Illness
Ultraviolet light |
| What is the definitive test for dry eye? | Schirmer's test |
| What are normal results of a Schirmer's test? | 5 to 10mm of wet paper (after 5 minutes) |
| Which medication in the form of drops can manage dry eye? | Cyclosporine |
| What is the outward turning of the eyelid margin? | Ectropion |
| What is entropion? | The inward turning of the eyelid margin |
| When is a patient an appropriate candidate for cataract surgery? | When palliative measures no longer provide acceptable level of visual function |
| What kind of changes in vision are produced early in diabetic retinopathy? | No changes |
| Capillary microaneurysms, hemorrhage, exudates, and the formation of new vessels are characterizations of ________ ________. | Diabetic retinopathy |
| What is used to destroy blood vessels, seal leaking vessels, and help prevent retinal edema? | Photocoagulation |
| What are the 2 types of macular degeneration? | Wet type
Dry type |
| What type of age-related macular degeneration occurs in 90% of cases? | Dry |
| What kind of vision do patients with age-related macular degeneration have? | Close vision |
| What is the main symptom of macular degeneration? | Gradual and variable loss of central vision |
| What is the hallmark of age-related macular degeneration? | Drusen in the fundus |
| Macular degeneration does not damage _______ vision. | Peripheral |
| Central vision damage cannot be _________ | Restored |
| Which supplements have been shown to improve the progression of advanced ARMD? | Vitamin C, E, beta-carotene, and zinc |
| Retinal reattachment is successful in __% of cases | 90% |
| When is maximum vision achieved after surgery for retinal detachment? | 3 months |
| How is the head positioned if air is injected into the vitreous? | Unaffected eye upward, lying on abdomen or sitting forward 4-5 days |
| Glaucoma is characterized by which 3 factors? | 1. Increased IOP
2. Optic nerve atrophy
3. Progressive loss of peripheral vision |
| What will the pupils look like in a patient with closed-angle glaucoma? | Enlarged and fixed |
| What is the normal range of IOP? | 10 -22 mm Hg |
| What is the IOP in a patient with open-angle glaucoma? | Between 22- 32 mm Hg |
| What might the IOP be in a patient with closed-angle glaucoma? | 50 mm Hg or higher |
| How often should patients over 65 receive an eye exam? | every 1-2 years |
| Hoe often should patients between 40 and 64 years of age receive an eye exam? | every 2 to 4 years |
| The incidence of glaucoma is increased in which population? | African-American |
| What is the most common cause of corneal injuries? | Foreign bodies |
| What are miotics? | Agents that cause the pupil to constrict |
| Surgical removal of the eyeball is called: | Enucleation |
| Corneal grafts are taken from the organ donor within ___ hours of death | 4 hours |
| Corneas of people with which conditions are not appropriate for transplantation? | AIDS
Cancer
Hepatitis |
| Donor's tissue is best used within __ hours of removal | 5 hours |
| How is a patient positioned post keratoplasty? | On back or non operative side |
| What is the vitreous fluid replaced with after a vitrectomy? | Normal saline |
| After a vitrectomy, the patient should maintain which position for 4 to 5 days? | Lay on abdomen or sit forward;
this allows air in the eye to float against the retina |
| Where can an infection of the middle ear spread if left untreated? | The mastoid process |
| The cochlea contains which organ? | Organ of Corti (organ of hearing) |
| What percentage is considered normal in a whispered voice test? | 50% |
| During a Weber test, the sound is louder in which ear? | The affected ear |
| Involuntary rhythmic movement of the eye is known as what? | Nystagmus |
| What is the third most common chronic condition in people over 65? | Loss of hearing (deafness) |
