| What do exocrine glands secrete? | Enzymes |
| The exocrine glands are responsible for which system? | Digestive system |
| What kind of glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream? | Endocrine glands |
| What is the master gland? | Pituitary gland |
| The pituitary gland is divided into 2 segments: | Anterior and posterior |
| The ______ produces the posterior pituitary gland. | Hypothalamus |
| What are the 6 major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? | 1. Somatotropin
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
4/5. Gonadotropic hormones: FSH and LH
6. Prolactin |
| Tropic hormones are defined as ones that: | Stimulate activity of another endocrine gland |
| Prolactin has a direct effect on the _______ glands. | Mammary |
| What are the only two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland? | Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Oxytocin promotes the release of _____. | Milk |
| ADH is also called ______. | Vasopressin |
| ADH causes the kidneys to conserve _______ | Water |
| The thyroid gland is ________ shaped | Butterfly |
| How much blood does the thyroid gland receive per minute? | 80-120 mL |
| What are the two main hormones released by the thyroid gland? | T3 and T4 |
| Adequate oral intake of _____ is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones | Iodine |
| T3 and T4 regulate which 3 functions? | 1. Growth and development
2. Metabolism
3. Activity of the nervous system |
| Calcitonin is released by the _______ gland. | Thyroid |
| Where are the parathyroid glands located? | Posterior surface of the thyroid gland |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the concentration of ______ in the blood. | Calcium |
| What changes occur in the kidneys under the influence of PTH? | Increase reabsorption of calcium and magnesium
Accelerates elimination of phosphorus in the urine |
| Both adrenal glands contain the ______ and the ________. | Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
| The adrenal cortex secretes which 3 hormones depending on the layer? | Mineralocorticoids (outer zone)
Glucocorticoids (middle zone)
Sex hormones (inner zone) |
| What is the most important glucocorticoid? | Cortisol |
| What are the primary sex hormones? | Androgen and estrogen |
| The adrenal medulla releases which 2 hormones during times of stress? | Epinephrine
Norepinephrine |
| The islets of Langerhans secrete which two hormones? | Insulin and glucagon |
| Beta cells secrete ______ | Insulin |
| Alpha beta cells secrete ______ | Glucagon |
| Insulin and glucagon play a major part in the metabolism of _____, _______, and _______ | Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein |
| What is the temporary endocrine gland that forms during pregnancy? | Placenta |
| When do the ovaries become inactive? | Pregnancy |
| What hormone do the testes release? | Testosterone |
| The thymus gland produces _______. | Thymosin |
| Which gland programs information into the T lymphocytes in utero and the forts few months of life? | Thymosin |
| Melatonin is secreted by which gland? | Pineal |
| Melatonin regulates ________ rhythms. | Circadian |
| An overproduction of somatotropin after the onset of puberty results in ________. | Acromegaly |
| The growth changes that occur during acromegaly are ________. | Irreversible |
| What is idiopathic hyperplasia? | Increase in cells without a known cause |
| How many years pass between initial onset and diagnosis of acromegaly? | 7 to 9 years |
| After surgical removal of the pituitary tumor, the patient is at risk for __________. | Diabetes insipidus |
| What is the definitive test for acromegaly? | Growth hormone suppression test |
| How long should fluid be restricted before a growth hormone suppression test? | 10 -12 hours |
| Gigantism results from an over secretion of GH before the onset of ________ | Puberty |
| Hyperplasia of the pituitary gland results in over secretion of ______ | Growth hormone |
| In gigantism, weight increases but body proportions are ______ | Normal |
| Diabetes insipidus is a metabolic disorder of the ________. | Pituitary gland |
| Diabetes insipidus develops when there is a decrease in production of ____, or its action is diminished | ADH |
| A decrease in ADH causes increased _______ | Urinary output |
| What is diabetes insipidus characterized by? | Polyuria
Polydipsia |
| What is the specific urine gravity in a patient with diabetes insipidus? | 1.001 - 1.005 |
| When should a patient with diabetes insipidus be weighed? | Early in the morning before breakfast |
| How long are fluids withheld during the fluid deprivation test? | Up to 12 hours |
| For a patient with diabetes insipidus, beverages containing _______ are usually eliminated from the diet | Caffeine |
| A synthetic form of ADH called _______ is administered to a patient with diabetes insipidus | Desmopressin acetate |
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH occurs when the pituitary gland releases too much ____ | ADH |
| Hyponatremia, hemodilution, and fluid overload without peripheral edema are seen in a patient with which condition? | Syndrome of inappropriate ADH |
| What do the kidneys do in a patient with syndrome of inappropriate ADH? | Reabsorb more water (decreasing urinary output) |
| ADH is released in response to ______ | Stress |
| What is the most common cause of SIADH? | Malignancies |
| Which medications put a patient at risk for increased production of ADH? | Anesthetics
Opiates
Barbiturates
Thiazide diuretics
Oral hypoglycemics |
| SIADH is clinically characterized by which two factors? | Hyponatremia
Water retention- water intoxication |
| Why does a patient with SIADH NOT develop peripheral edema? | Because the excess fluid is accumulating in the vascular system |
| The later signs of SIADH are _________. | Neurologic, due to brain cells expanding |
| With severe hyponatremia, fluids may be restricted to ____mL/day | 500 |
| Serum osmolality of less than 280 mmol/kg indicates a diagnosis of ______ | SIADH |
| What is the normal value for serum osmolality? | 285 mmol/kg |
| What is necessary to correct sodium imbalance and to pull water out of the edematous brain cells? | Hypertonic saline solution (3%-5%) |
| When can diuretics, such as furosemide, be prescribed to a patient with SIADH? | If the serum sodium is at least 125 mEq/L |
| Furosemide increases the losses of which 3 minerals/electrolytes? | Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium |
| Hyperthyroidism is also called ______. | Graves disease
Exophthalmic goiter
Thyrotoxicosis |
| Overproduction of T3 and T4 by the increased activity of the thyroid gland are seen in _______ | Hyperthyroidism |
| Graves disease occurs commonly in women of what ages? | 20-40 |
| Where will edema be present in a patient with hyperthyroidism/Graves disease? | Anterior portion of the neck
Periorbital edema (exophthalmos- bulging of the eyes) |
| Inability to concentrate and memory loss is subjective data associated with ______ | Graves disease |
| The thyroid is controlled by the _______ | Hypothalamus |
| When T3 and T4 levels increase, the pituitary gland stops secreting ____ | TSH |
| What is the gold standard for treating hyperthyroidism? | Ablation therapy using radioactive iodine |
| Which drugs block the production of thyroid hormone? | PTU
Tapazole |
| When will a patient with hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) notice a decrease in symptoms with drug therapy? | 6-8 weeks |
| If a patient develops hypothyroidism in response to treatment for Graves disease, what kind of therapy will be needed? | Levothyroxine therapy |
| How much of the thyroid is removed in a subtotal thyroidectomy? | Five-sixths |
| Why does a hyperthyroid patient need more nutrients? | Because of increased metabolism |
| How long may voice rest be enforced after thyroidectomy? | 48 hours |
| Voice checks should be performed postoperatively every 2-4 hours to rule out damage to the _______ | Laryngeal nerve |
| What is the postoperative diet following a thyroidectomy? | Cool, clear fluids |
| Tetany is a significant postoperative complication of ________ | A thyroidectomy |
| Inadvertent removal of a parathyroid gland during a thyroidectomy can result in the development of ______ | Tetany |
| Edema in the operative area can occlude the release of ____ into the bloodstream and result in hypocalcemia | PTH |
| What is the emergency treatment of tetany? | IV administration of calcium gluconate |
| If thyroid crisis occurs, it does so within the first ____ hours postoperatively | 12 hours |
| What are the 3 goals of thyroid storm management? | 1. Induce a normal thyroid state
2. Prevent cardiovascular collapse
3. Prevent excessive hyperthermia |
| Hypothyroidism occurs most often in women of what ages? | 30-60 |
| Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid _______ | Fails to secrete sufficient hormones |
| What can cause hypothyroidism? | Autoimmune response
Radiation therapy
Pituitary disorders
Iodine deficiency |
| Congenital hypothyroidism is called _______ | Cretinism |
| Cretinism occurs in 1 out of every _____ births | 4000 |
| Severe hypothyroidism in adults resulting in edema of the hands, face, feet and periorbital area is called ________ | Myxedema |
