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level: Module 2: Primary x Secondary Growth

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Module 2: Primary x Secondary Growth

Question	Answer
Primary growth occurs as a result of the activity of ___	Apical Meristem
consists of the region of cell division (apical meristem), region of elongation and region of maturation.	Root tip
contains the growth regions in the shoot that lead to the formation of aerial parts including leaves and reproductive structures.	shoot apex
combined effect of two lateral meristems known as vascular cambium and the cork cambium.	Secondary growth
This type of growth is only exhibited by gymnosperm and dicot species that result in the formation of successive layers of secondary xylem (wood).	Secondary growth
As a stem thickens due to secondary growth, the epidermis, including the stomata is eventually replaced by	Lenticels
areas of the cork in which the cork cells are loosely arranged, permitting gas exchange through the periderm.	Lenticels
cells are more densely packed and arranged in orderly rows parallel to the long axis of the root.	Region of cell division/apical meristem
just behind the apical meristem; cells have enlarged chiefly in length elongation and maturation; no new cells are formed	Region of elongation
contains enlarged cells that have now developed certain structural features.	Region of maturation/differentiation
a zone of somewhat loosely arranged corky cells that protects the delicate region of cell division.	root cap
central dome-shaped structure found at the topmost portion of the structure.	Apical Meristem
outgrowth located at both sides of the apical meristem which gives rise to a new leaf	Leaf Primordia
outermost layer of the apical meristem	Protoderm
appears as two narrow, darker traces of longitudinally elongate cells that develops into the xylem and phloem	Procambium
produce both cortex and pith	Ground Meristem
outermost layer which provides protection from the outside environment;	Epidermis
A waxy substance to prevent water loss	Cuticle
composed of many small sclerenchyma cells; constitutes the bulk of the tissue in non-woody (herbaceous) plants.	Cortex
innermost of cortex layer and tissues that contain both xylem and phloem (conducting tissues); it is arranged in circular manner;	Vascular Bundle
protective sheath	Vascular Bundle Sheath
ground tissue located at the innermost layer of a monocot/nonwoody roots	Pith
dicot shares the same anatomical structures with that of monocot except for the presence of ______	Stele
an important structure that is responsible not only for the production of new secondary roots but also gives rise to lateral meristem—vascular cambium and cork cambium.	Pericyle
band of waterproof material to ensure that water and minerals enter the xylem only by passing through the endodermal cells.	Casparian Strip
3 Types of Primary Tissue	Dermal, Vascular and Fundamental Tissue
The dermal tissue gives rise to ________	Epidermis
unVascular tissue gives rise to _________	Xylem and Phloem
Fundamental tissue is represented by	pith and cortex
TAKE NOTE: One of the major differences between monocot and dicot stem is the arrangement of the vascular tissues as monocot is usually scattered within the ground tissue while dicot is formed in a ringlike manner. (Please click "bonus" as your answer)	BONUS
A protective sheath made of sclerenchyma cells	vascular bundle sheath
TAKE NOTE: Dicot stem shared the same basic tissues with the monocot except that the vascular tissue is arranged in a ringlike structure and there exists no vascular bundle sheath. (Please click the Bonus as answer)	BONUS
horizontal stems that grow below ground, often near the surface of the soil; look like a root but with scale-like leaves and axillary buds at each node; may be thick, fleshy, food-storage organ.	Rhizome
Horizontal stems that grows aboveground; have long internodes.	Runners/Stolon
Several internodes at the tip of the stolen become _______ as they swell from the accumulation of food.	Tubers
large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end.	Bulb
resembles bulbs but differ from being composed mostly of stem tissues, except for scalelike leaves sparsely covering the outside	Corm
usually flattened stem specialized for photosynthesis; with nodes that bear leaves that has been reduced to spines.	Cladophyll
a stem modified into a short (usually), sharp point; also for protection against predators	Thorn
a stem modification that allows the whole plant to attach in a more stable structure; usually associated with herbaceous type	Tendril
Root growth starts with seed germination particularly upon the emergence of the embryonic root known as	Radicle
most significant functions performed by the roots	anchorage, storage, absorption and transport of materials to and from the shoot system.
metamorphosed roots also perform unique functions	plant's survival including food storage, propagation, aeration, movement, structural support, nutrition and support.
roots can be distinguished from the stem by the following features:	(1) absence of nodes (2) uncutinized (3) presence of protective covering in the tip (4) arrangement of primary tissues during early ontogeny.