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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
One of the world's largest biomes occupying majority of South America, Africa and South East Asian regions.	Tropical Rainforest
The TRF directly receives heat from the sun giving rise to numerous plant forms because ?	It lies in the Equator
What are the factor influencing the formations of various plant form?	Competition for water, space, light and nutrient
It is the basis for differentiating the morphological traits among species	Plant Growth Forms
This helps us in understanding the forces shaping an ecological community as well as its history	Growth Forms
Woody perennial plants that produce a single trunk few meters from the ground, form several branches and exhibit indeterminate growth resulting to a considerable height	Tree
smaller woody plants, usually less than three meters in height with multiple small branches from the ground or close to the grounds; also they are perennial like trees	Shrubs
it is characterized by having a long, flexible, climbing stems that are rooted in the ground, and usually have long dangling branches. It forms woody stem which is similar to trees and shrubs,	Lianas
It is nonwoody or herbaceous plants with thin and weak stem hence the need to attach in any surface	Vines
Air plants like orchids that can grow anywhere but they found it most suitable in large branches or stem of the trees and even the leaves of larges trees in tropical forest	Epiphytes
It usually starts as epiphytes as their seeds are carried by the branches of a large tree. In order to survive, It will depend on its host tree and eventually killing it	Stranglers
It differs greatly from broadleaf (dicot) and coniferous (gymnosperms) tress in their overall form and external structure as well as in their internal structure. It is monocotyledons and its leaves can be palmate leaves or pinnate leaves	Palms
It lacks aboveground woody tissue hence they do not grow very tall these include grasses and most common wild and garden plants as well as the monocots	Herbs
This plant form belongs to the family of grasses, Graminae, or Poaceae. Similar to palms, they do not exhibit secondary thickening although it appears that they are woody due to the formation of large amounts of sclerenchyma cells in its culm.	Bamboo
It is mostly associated with monocotyledons like palm and grasses like bamboo and composed of large numbers of roots nearly of equal size. They are effective for soil erosion control as it has the capacity to hold the surface soil in place.	Fibrous roots
presence of a primary root that remains the largest and from which several smaller secondary roots are formed; effective in water and nutrient absorption in deeper layers of the soil, common among large trees and shrubs.	Taproot System
It is a modification of the taproot system present in 0most large but shallow- rooted trees in a rainforest. It usually emerges from the base of the trunk and eventually surrounds the main stem growing up to 15-20 meters in height; aid in water uptake and storage, increase surface area for gas exchange, and collect leaf litter for additional nutrition.	Buttress
It's another modification of tap root present among stranglers that initiates their growth as epiphyte and eventually gives off roots that grow into the soil & support the branches; can replace the function of the main stem of the host plant.	Prop Roots
It is associated with the fibrous root types most notably palm species although dicot mangrove species also produces this type of roots; provide additional stability to the thinner main trunks that may easily be uprooted during a strong wind event; act like rope in a tent as it grows at an angle to the stem for a firmer support.	Stilt Roots
Common among non-woody plants and are characterized by a very flexible or bendable stems; their leaves and stems die at the end of every growing season.	Herbaceous
Associated with dicots and exhibit secondary growth thus harder and sturdier. As part of their adaptation to the conditions of the rainforest, some woody species develop thin (and sometimes flaky) bark which can be attributed to the formation of a thin cork layer.	Woody
GIve the 3 common bark surface adaptation	-Presence of Thorns, Smooth Bark, Thick Cork tissue
It aids in efficient photosynthetic activities due to its ability to catch more light and water during the rain event.	Palmate Leaves
serve similar functions with palmate but this modification is much common among treelike palm that usually occupies the canopy layer thereby maximizing its photosynthetic potential.	Pinnate Leaves
It gives protection to young and tender tissues from direct exposure to solar radiation at the same time helps to attract pollinators of its small	Dark Colored Leaves
A leaf modification that characterized by the presence of a waxy surface that insulates the leaf tissues, prevents too much water loss, and protect the leaves from being eaten by insects (herbivory).	Thick cuticle layer
The presence of short hairs in the leaves and stem is considered beneficial as it protects the plants from herbivory and dehydration.	Presence of Trichomes
It is considered as one of the most prominent modifications of the leaf margin, they are expected to provide protection against herbivory.	Presence of spines
It is considered as an adaptation as individual leaves are arranged at different angles so that a plant avoids shading its own leaves a feature very crucial to prevent competition for light.	Leaf angling
some epiphytes naturally do this modification to prevent the leaves from being ripped by strong winds coming from the upper canopy and at the same time allow more sunlight to reach the leaves below or those on the forest floor.	Leaf Holes