psychology
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Are based on shared perceptions not objective reality | Social constructions |
A time when a certain type of development MUST occur or it cannot occur at all. Example: limb formation | Critical period |
A time when a certain type of development will occur most easily. Example: language development, including learning a second language. | Sensitive period |
Only what can be observed and measured | What do behaviorists think psychologists should focus on? |
The variable that is introduced and manipulated to measure its effect on the dependent variable | Independent variable |
Group that receives a treatment (independent variable) | Experimental group |
Life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcibly shaken back and forth. This ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections | Shaken baby syndrome |
Any of various speech patterns used by parents or caregivers when communicating with young children (repeated questions) | Child-directed speech |
Clinging and crying when caregiver is about to leave | Seperation anxiety |
Fear of unfamiliar people getting too close to them | Stranger anxiety |
A person’s realization that they are a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of others | Social awareness |
Infant avoids contact with the caregiver and does not care when they leave | Insecure avoidant (A) |
Infant obtains comfort and confidence from caregiver’s presence | Secure avoidant (B) |
Infant is anxious and uncertain, they are upset at separation and upset at reunion | Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (C) |
Infant’s reactions to the caregiver are inconsisten | Disorganized attachment |
The mouth is the infant’s primary source of gratification. Problems – oral fixation | Oral (first year) |
Infant’s main pleasure source is the anus (potty training & control) Problems – anal personality | Anal (2nd year) |
Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met | Trust vs mistrust |
Toddlers succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and bodies | Autonomy versus shame and doubt |
Can create an adult who is easily shamed and unable to achieve autonomy | Autonomy versus shame and doubt issues |
Learning is done through association | Classical conditioning |
Learning is done through punishment and reinforcement | Operant conditioning |
Leanring is done though modeling other people | Social leanring |
Why are females protected from genetic disorders | Two x chromosomes |
How long is Germinal period | 14 days |
How long is Embryonic period | 3 to 8 weeks |
How long is fetal period | 9 weeks to birth |
Zygote, rapid growth, placenta, | Germinal period |
Cells differentiate, hearts, brains, primitive streak, folic acid, heart, and extremities | Embryonic Period |
Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing or picking things up | Fine motor skills |
Grasping (whole hand) Reaching Pincer grasp Stacking blocks Drawing lines | Examples of fine motor skills |
Caregiving practices involving physical closeness, with frequent holding and touching | Proximal parenting |
Caregiving practices that involve distance from the infant, and providing toys, food, and face to face communication with a minimum of touching | Distal parenting |
May produce children who are less self-aware but more compliant | Results of proximal parenting |
May produce children who are more self-aware but less obedient | Results of distal parenting |