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phyics


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What are transverse waves
Vibrations that occur perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is travelling
What are longitudinal waves
Vibrations that occur parralel to the direction in which the wave is travelling
Examples of tranverse waves
UV, light, water, x rays
What are longitudinal waves made up of
Compressions and rarefractions
How do you find wave speed
Wave speed (m/s) = frequence (HZ) x wavelength (m)
What is refraction
Where a wave changes direction when it enters a new medium due to a change in its speed
How do water waves in deep water travel
Travel fast, widely spread
How do water waves in shallow water travel
Travel slow, closer together
What is defraction
Wave spread out when they pass through a gap
What are good conductors and why
Metals, becuase of delocalised electrons
What is the process of conduction
When heat is applied, the positive metal ions start vibrating and gain kinetic energy, transfered to cool parts of metal by the delocalised electrons
What are insulators
Poor conductors - plastic, wood (because no delocalised electrons), air (extermely far particles)
What is process of convections
For example, a radiator will heat up the air above the radiator to gain kinetic energy, air expands so the particles occupy more space so the particles become less dense so they rise, where they become cooler so they sink and goes back to radiator, cools down.
Where can radiation travel
Solids, liquids and gases
What is hooks law
Where the amount of force exterted onto to the string is directly proportianl to the extension
What is the correlation between extension and spring constant
Smallest extension = largest spring constant (extension is inversely proportianal to spring constant)
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How do you find force
Mass x acceleration
Effects of friction
Restrict movement of the 2 surfaces past each other
Effects of friction
Restrict movement of the 2 surfaces past each other
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Affects of force
Speed, direction and shape
What is reaction force
Object in on the ground and experience a force that is perpiniduclar to the surface.
What is friction
Objects slide over eachother and experience a force
Air resistance
Objects moving through the air, air particles collidng with object slowing it down, faster object is travelling, more particles hit it per second so air resistance increases.
Magnetic force
Force experienced by any magentic material inside a magnetic feild
Electrostatic forces
Force expericne by any charged particles which is held within an electric feild
Gravitational force
Force experinced by any mass that is found in a gravitational feild
Nucleur force
Strong attractive force between protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Tires in a car, what force is it
Friction between car wheels and road
How do you find force
Mass(kg) x acceleration(m/s^2)
Effects of friction
Generates heat if surfaces are moving,
Effects of friction
Restrict movement of the 2 surfaces past each other
Effects of image in mirror
Same size, same colour but is inverted, and it is virutal
Refractive index formula
Sin i (incident)/ sin r(refraction)
If incident angle is the same as the criticle angle..
Refraction along the boundary occurs
How do optical fibres work
Core of fibre made of glass with high refractive index, cladding is made out of glass with lower refractive index, light entering core is at an angle greatre than the critical angle
Examples of the use of optical fibres
Communication, endoscope.
What are convex (converging lens)
Makes parralel rays coverage to a principle focus
What are concave (diverging) lens
Makes parallel rays diverge (spread out) used in glasses to correct short sightedness
What is the focal length
The distance between the centre of the lens and its point of focus
What is the principle focus
The point where parallel rays meet after they pass through a lens
Real image
An image that can be formed on a screen
Virtual image
An image that can't be formed on a screen
Wavelength of waves in terms of longest to smallest
(rozentruiek, mcgreggor, include violent undeniable x gamesmode) radiowave, microwave, infrared waves, visible, UV, x ray, gamma
Highest frequency waves
Gamma and x rays (higher freq than visible light)
Uses radio and microwaves
Communication and cooking
Infrared uses
Communication (remote controls)
Visible light uses
Optical fibres, photography
UV uses
Tanning beds,
X rays uses
Medicine, images of human body
Gamma ray uses
Kill cancer cells, sterilise equipment in medicine.
Explain why alpha particles and beta particles have different penetrating powers.
Alpha particles have heavy mass and higher charge, means they cause more ionisation, energy lost from ionisation means alpha cant pentrate as far, also the alpha particles are more likely to collide with atoms as they are bigger
What is ionising radiation
Random process, either alpha, beta or gamma is given off
What happens in alpha decay
2 neutrons and 2 proteons are emitted
What happens in beta decay
Neutrons turn into protons and stays in the nucleus, an electron is emmited
What happens in beta decay
Proton number increases by 1
What is alpha stopped by
Air, range of 5 - 10cm
What is beta stopped by
Alluminium foil, range of metres
What is gamma stopped by
Several cm of lead or several m of concrete, infitnte range in air
When is gamma emmited
After the emission of alpha and beta
Nature of radioactive emission
Happens randomly, cant predict decay or direction, unaffected by temprature change
Explain why alpha particles and beta particles have different penetrating powers.
Alpha particles have heavy mass and higher charge, means they cause more ionisation, energy lost from ionisation means alpha cant pentrate as far, also the alpha particles are more likely to collide with atoms as they are bigger
What is background radiation
Radiation which is always present in our surroundings, e.g. space, granite rocks, x rays
What is half lfie
Time taken for half the radioactive nuclei to decay, its a random process
What is pressure in a contaniner caused by
Collision of gas particles with walls
What does this pressure do
It creates a small force, which is a pressure
Why does increase temprature increase pressure
Particles gain more kinetic energy, collisions happen more often with greater force
What is a echo
Reflected sound waves
What is ultrasound
Above 20k hz
Why cant sound travel through a vacuum
Sound requires a medium to be transmitted
What are the magnetic materials
Iron, steel, cobalt and nickel
What is a hard magnetic material
Material that maintains its magnetism e.g. steel
What is a soft magnetic material
Material that lose their magnetism easily e.g. iron