PCT FINAL
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68 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Cardiogenic shock | The state in which the heart has been damaged where it cannot supply enough blood to the organs, tissues and cells of the body |
| Myocardial infarction | Death and necrosis of heart muscle due to inadequate oxygen supply |
| Angina | The Hearst demand for oxygen exceeds the bloods oxygen supply |
| Pulmonary edema | Abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs. This buildup of fluid leads to shortness of breath |
| Left sided heart failure | Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary vessels, caused by MI, hypertension and other forms of heart disease |
| Right sided heart failure | Increased pressure into the systematic vessels, the most common cause f this is L sided HF |
| Pulmonary embolism | Blockage of an artery by a blood clot or other particle |
| Pulses paradoxus | Exaggeration of the normal variation in the pulse which becomes weaker (decrease of greater than 10mmHg in systolic blood pressure) with inspiration and stronger on expiration. |
| Pedal edema | JVD due to the backup in R ventricle/atrium |
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm | Often the result of atherosclerosis |
| Cardiac electrical pathway | Electrical stimulus travels down through the conduction pathways and causes the heart's ventricles to contract and pump out blood. The bundle of His divides into right and left pathways, called bundle branches, to stimulate the right and left ventricles |
| Hypertensive emergencies | Diastolic BP >130mmHg, usually occurs with hypertensive encephalopathy |
| Deep vein thrombosis | Blood clot in the vein, this typically occurs in the larger veins of the thigh and calf |
| Varicose veins | Dilated superficial veins, common with pregnancy and obesity |
| Pulsus alternans | Pulse alternates between weak and strong |
| Heart | Located in the center of the chest in the mediastinum |
| R coronary artery | Suppose 15% of the blood supply to the heart muscle |
| L coronary artery | Supplies 85% of blood to the heart muscle |
| L descending artery | Death vessel |
| Atherosclerosis | Fatty tissue (plaque) being deposited on the inner lining of the wall of the coronary arteries |
| Arteriosclerosis | Build up of calcium on the arterial walls |
| Cardiac cycle | The interval from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end |
| Preload | The initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes (muscle cells) prior to contraction. It is related to ventricular filling |
| Afterload | The force or load against which the heart has to contract to eject the blood. |
| Chronotrophy | Heart rate |
| Inotropy | Contractile strength |
| Dromotrophy | Rate of nerve impulse conduction |
| Electrolytes | Na+ depolarization K+ repolarization Ca++ depolarization, muscle & vessel contraction |
| Calcium channel blockers | Amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil |
| Absolute refractory period | Cardiac muscle cell is completely insensitive to further stimulation |
| Relative refractory period | The interval of time during which a second action potential can be initiated, but initiation will require a greater stimulus than before. |
| Excitability | Responds to electrical stimulus |
| Conductivity | Propagate impulse to other cells |
| Automatcity | Depolarize on its own, on a regular basis |
| Contractibility | Ability to contract |
| Residual volume | On contraction a certain volume is left behind in the L ventricle that is not apart of the stroke volume |
| Ejection fraction | Amount ejected on contraction versus total L ventricular volume |
| End systolic volume | Volume pushed into the aortic arch at the end of systolic contraction (volume actually pushed through) |
| Pulse deficit | Difference between pulse and the peripheral pulse |
| Pluses paradoxus | Decrease of greater than 10mmHg in systolic blood pressure with inspiration and stronger on expiration. |
| Pluses aternans | Beat to beat variation in the pressure in terms of amplitude, power behind each pulse changes |
| Starlings law | Contractibility of cardiac muscle and the amount of stretch placed in that muscle |
| Auscultation | Listening to sounds of the body |
| Transmural infarction | Entire thickness of myocardium destroyed, Q wave changes |
| Subendocardial infarction | Involves only the subendocardial layer, no Q wave change |
| Cardiac risk factors | Smoking, alcohol, inactivity, nutrition, obesity, HTN, dietary fat, BGL, cocaine use, type A personality, stress, prolonged use of oral contraceptives |
| Cardiac tamponade | Fluid buildup in the pericardium of the heart |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | Laboured breathing or shortness of breath while laying down like at night time |
| A patient with a history of myocardial infarction, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspea and pedal edema would likely be suffering from: | Hypovolumeic shock |
| Atelectasis | Complete or partial collapse of the lung, or lobe |
| Preload | The initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes (muscle cells) prior to contraction. It is related to ventricular filling |
| Sounds of partial airway obstruction | Coughing, stridor, gagging/choking difficulty speaking |
| Pulse oximetry | Rapid and accurate measure of oxygen saturation |
| Causes of airway obstruction | Tongue is the most common cause. can also be foreign bodies, trauma, laryngeal spasm and edema and aspiration |
| Adult respiratory distress syndrome | Fluid in the lungs |
| Emphysema | The destruction of alveolar surfaces, there is a decreased area for gas exchange resulting in hypoxia |
| Chronic bronchitis | Increased number of goblet cells in the respiratory tree |
| Dyspnea | Shortness of breath |
| Simple pneumothorax | Air leaks into the pleural space "paper bag syndrome" |
| Open pneumothorax | Air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung as the result of an open chest wound or other physical defect |
| Tension pneumothorax | Air is trapped in the pleural cavity under positive pressure |
| Hypoxic drive | The body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of carbon dioxide receptors to regulate the respiratory cycle. |
| Risks of mouth to mouth oxygen therapy | Potential exposure to communicable diseases |
| Hypoxemia | Low levels of oxygen in the blood |
| Flail chest | 3 ribs fractured in 2 or more places |
| Barotrauma | Injuries caused by increased air or water pressure, such as during airplane flights or scuba diving |
| Atelectasis | A condition in which an area of lung tissue is collapsed |