Organic chem
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56 questions
🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
What structure is this | Ethanoic acid |
What structure is this | Methane |
What structure is this | Ethene |
What structure is this | Ethanol |
What structure is this | Ethanoic acid |
Draw the functional group of amine | Ummmm yay |
Hydrocarbon | Compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen bonded together |
What do carboxylic acids end in | Oic acid |
What is lubricating oil faction | Lubricants and waxes and polishes |
What is bitumen faction used for | Making roads |
What is fuel oil used for | Fuel used in ships and home heating systems |
What is diesel oil used for | Jet fuel |
What is naphtha used for | Chemical feedstock |
What is refinery gas used for | Heating and cooking |
3 fossil fuels | Oil, natural gas, petroleum |
Fractional distillation column | Refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, lubricating oil faction, bitumen fraction |
What is gasoline used for | Fuel in cars |
Main thing in natural gas | Methane |
What is petrol made up from | Hydrocarbons |
General characteristics of a homologous series | Having the same general formula, same functional group, differing from one member to the next by a -CH2- unit, sharing similar chemical properties, displaying a trend in physical properties. |
Homologous series | A family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group. |
Functional group | An atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series |
Structural formula | An unambiguous description of the away atoms in a molecule are arranged e.g. CH2=CH2 |
Structural isomers | Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula |
Alkanes reactivity | Generally unreactive except with combustion and chlorine |
General formula of alkanes | CnH2n+2 |
Saturated and example | Molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single, alkanes |
Unsaturated and example | Molecules with one or more carbon-carbon bonds that are not single bonds, alkenes |
Complete combustion | Reacts with excess oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O |
Incomplete combustion | Reacts with limited oxygen to produce either carbon monoxide and H2O or carbon and H2O |
What happens in a substitution reaction | One atom or groups of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms |
What kind of bonds do alkenes have | One or more carbon-carbon double covalent bonds. |
How are alkenes formed | In the cracking of larger alkane molecules, hydrogen can form it as well but it needs high temp and catalyst |
Reasons for cracking | Create more useful substances |
Thermal cracking | High temperature and pressure |
Catalytic cracking | Low temperature and pressure, catalyst |
How to make alkanes from alkenes | React with hydrogen at 150C with nickel catalyst |
Product of alkene and bromine water | Dibromoalkane |
How is polyethene made | Alkenes can be used to make polymers by joining together in long chains, the product is called an addition polymer |
How is ethanol made | By fermentation using aqueous glucose and yeast in the absence of oxygen at 25-35C |
Word equation for fermentation | Glucose (enzymes) (in yeast) → ethanol + carbon dioxide |
How is pure ethanol extracted | Fractional distillation |
Apart from fermentation how else is ethanol made | Catalytic addition of steam to ethene using phosphoric acid as a catalyst 300oC and 60atm (6000kPa) pressure. |
Ethanol with combustion/burn with oxygen | React in the same way as , complete combustion |
General formula of alcohols | CnH2n+1OH |
What is ethanol used for | Fuel and as a solvent |
General formula for carboxylic acid | CnH2n+1COOH |
Ethanoic acid reactions | Is a weak acid and will undergo reactions that other acids do with metals, carbonates and bases |
Acid + metal | Salt + hydrogen |
Acid + base | (neutralization) salt + water |
Acid + carbonate | Salt + water + carbon dioxide |
How is ethanoic acid formed | The oxidation of ethanol using bacterial oxidation during vinegar production or acidified potassium permanganate. |
Carboxylic acid + alcohol | Will produce an ester, sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst and a dehydrating agent |
Substitution reaction with chlorine and alkanes | Alkanes react with chlorine to form substituted alkanes in the presence of UV light proving the activation energy (photochemical reaction). This is a substitution reaction as a chlorine replaces one hydrogen. |
Examples of natural polyimides | Proteins are polyimides formed from amino acids which is the monomer |
What can be used to separate and identify amino acids | Chromatography |
Environmental challenges caused by plastics | Disposal in land fill sites, accumulation in oceans, formation of toxic gases from burning |
What is bad about plastics | Most plastics are not biodegradable and cannot be recycled so has implications for disposal |
What are plastics made from | Polymers |
Difference between addition polymers and condensation polymers | Addition polymers only have one product, condensation polymers have have 2 different monomers and water is removed |
Draw and name the repeat polymer of this | Polypropene |
Draw and name the repeat polymer of this | Polyvinyl chloride |
Polymers | Large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers |
Producing an alcohol from alkenes and steam | Alkenes react with steam to produce an alcohol. This time it is the hydrogen and the hydroxide from water that adds across the double bond. An acid catalyst is needed, 300oC and 60atm (6000kPa) pressure |
Formula equation for fermentation | C6H12O6 (aq) ————> 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2(g) + 2ATP |
Advantage of using fractional distillation to make ethanol | High purity, cheaper, easier access to resources |
Advantage of using fermentation to make ethanol | Better for the environment |
Disadvantage of using fermentation to make ethanol | Lots of by products |