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Computer - Leaderboard
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| A computer can be defined as ... | A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, presents the results, and stores the data or results as needed. |
| The fact that a computer is programmable means that ... | A computer will do whatever the instructions—called the program—tell it to do. |
| The programs used with a computer determine ... | The tasks the computer is able to perform. |
| The four operations described in this definition are more technically referred to ... | As input, processing, output, and storage. |
| What is Input? | Entering data into the computer. |
| What is processing? | Performing operations on the data. |
| What is output? | Presenting the results. |
| What is storage? | Saving data, programs, or output for future use |
| Example: A computer is programmed to add two numbers. | The result can be seen in the pictures. |
| This progression of input, processing, output, and storage is sometimes referred to ... | As the IPOS cycle or the information processing cycle. |
| In addition to these four primary computer operations, today’s computers also typically perform... | Communications functions. |
| What is communications function? | Sending or retrieving data via the Internet, accessing information located in a shared company database, or exchanging data or e-mail messages with others. |
| Therefore, communications technically an input or output operation, depending on which direction the information is going—is often considered ... | The fifth primary computer operation. |
| A user inputs data into a computer, and then ... | The computer processes it. |
| What is computer data? | The words in a letter to a friend, the numbers in a monthly budget, the images in a photograph, the notes in a song, or the facts stored in an employee record. |
| When data is processed into a meaningful form, it ... | Becomes information. |
| What is information processing? | The conversation of data into information. |
| Information processing is a ... | Vital activity today for all computer users, as well as for businesses and other organizations. |
| The basic ideas of computing and calculating are very old, going back ... | Thousands of years. |
| What is the name of the modern form of computer? | Personal computer. |
| When does the era of personal computers begin? | The late 1970s. |
| The history of computers is often referred to in ... | Terms of generations. |
| Each new generation characterized by a major ... | Technological development. |
| What is input device? | Any piece of equipment that is used to input data into the computer. |
| What is the most common input devices used with computers? | Keyboards and mouse. |
| What performs the CPU? | Calculations, comparisons and controls computer's operations. |
| Other common input devices include ... | Microphone, digital cameras, scanners, touch pads. |
| CPU is often considered the ... | "brain" of the computer. |
| Who are computer users? | The people who use computers to perform tasks or obtain information. |
| An accountant electronically preparing ... | A client's taxes. |
| An office worker using a word processing program to ... | Create letter. |
| A supervisor using a computer to check and see whether or not manufacturing workers have met ... | The day's quotas. |
| A parent e-mailing his or her ... | Child's teacher. |
| A college student researching ... | A topic online. |
| A child playing ... | A computer game. |
| A person ... | Shopping online. |
| Programmers are computer professionals who write ... | The programs that computers use. |
| System analysts - computer professionals ... | Who design computer systems to be used within their companies. |
| Computer operations personnel - computer professionals ... | Who are responsible for the day-to-day computer operations at a company. |
| Security specialists - computer professionals ... | Who are responsible for securing the company computers and networks against hackers and other intruders. |
| How is it known that ancient civilizations had the ability to count and compute? | Based on archeological finds, such as notched bones, knotted twine, and hieroglyphics. |
| What is abacus? | The earliest recorded calculating device. |
| What did abacus know? | The abacus used primarily as an aid for basic arithmetic calculations. |
| What were the other computer devices of that time? | Other early computing devices include the slide rule, the mechanical calculator, and Dr. Herman Hollerith’s Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter. |
| What is the fundamental element of the Hollerith's machine? | Read punch cards—special cards with holes punched in them to represent data. |
| What is an example of good practice with an Hollerith's machine? | Hollerith’s machine was used to process the 1890 U.S. Census data. |
| What could the Hollerith's machine do? | Hollerith's machine was able to complete the task in two and a half years, instead of the decade it usually took to process data manually. |
| Consequently, this is considered to be the first successful case of an information processing system replacing ... | A paper-and-pen-based system. |
| Hollerith’s company eventually became ... | International Business Machines (IBM). |
| What is the period of First-Generation Computers? | Approximately 1946—1957. |
| How First-Generation Computers was powered? | They were powered by thousands of vacuum tubes. |
| What are the problems with vacuum tubes? | The vacuum tubes required constant replacement required a lot of electricity, and generated a lot of heat. |
| How did the First-Generation computer calculate? | First-generation computers could solve only one problem at a time since they needed to be physically rewired with cables to be reprogrammed. |
| How was the calculation performed? | It took a few days (sometimes even weeks) to calculate and a few more days to check before the computer could be used. |
| Which input and output devices did the FG computer use? | Usually, paper punch cards and paper tape were used for input, and output was printed on paper. |
| For which ENIAC was used and II. world war? | ENIAC was used to calculate artillery tables for the U.S. military. |
| How is ENIAC computers evaluated? | Instead of the 40 hours required for a person to compute, ENIAC could complete the same calculations in less than two minutes. |
| When and for whom was UNIVAC realized? | 1951. initially built for the U.S. Census Bureau and was used to analyze votes in the 1952 U.S. presidential election. |
| What is interesting about UNIVAC? | Correct prediction of an Eisenhower victory only 45 minutes after the polls closed was not publicly aired because the results were not trusted. |
| UNIVAC became the first computer to be ... | Mass-produced for general commercial use. |
| What is the period of Second-Generation Computers? | Approximately 1958–1963. |
| What is transistor? | A small device made of semiconductor material that acts like a switch to open or close electronic circuits. |
| What did the transistor enable the Second-Generation computer? | Physically smaller, less expensive, more powerful, more energy-efficient, and more reliable. |
| What are the input, output, and storage devices of the Second-Generation computer? | Programs and data were input on punch cards and magnetic tape, output was on punch cards and paper printouts, and magnetic tape was used for storage. |
| What was developed and implemented for the Second-Generation computer? | Hard drives and programming languages (such as FORTRAN and COBOL) were developed and implemented during this generation. |
| What is the period of Third-Generation Computers? | Approximately 1964–1970. |
| The replacement of the transistor with ... | Integrated circuits (ICs) marked the beginning of the third generation of computers. |
| Integrated circuits incorporate many transistors and electronic circuits on ... | A single tiny silicon chip. |
| The Third-Generation computers to be ... | Even smaller and more reliable than computers in the earlier computer generations. |
| Instead of punch cards and paper printouts, ... | Keyboards and monitors were introduced for input and output; hard drives were typically used for storage. |
| What is the period of Fourth-Generation Computers? | Approximately 1971–present. |
| What was the name of the single ship? | Microprocessor. |
| What does a microprocessor contain? | The core processing capabilities of an entire computer on one single chip. |
| Which computers fall into the Fourth-Generation category? | The original IBM PC and Apple Macintosh computers, and most of today’s modern computers. |
| Fourth-Generation computer also witnessed the development of ... | Computer networks, wireless technologies, and the Internet. |
| What is the period of Fifth-Generation Computers? | Now and the future |
| Fifth-generation computers have no precise ... | Classification. |
| One common opinion is that fifth-generation computers will be based on ... | Artificial intelligence. |
| What is hardware? | The physical parts of a computer. |
| What is main processing devices in computer? | Central Processing Unit (CPU). |
| What are the tasks of the CPU? | Calculations, comparisons and controls computer's operations. |
| Hardware components can be ... | Internal or external. |
| CPU is often considered the ... | "brain" of the computer. |
| Internal component of computer. | Located inside the main box or system unit of the computer. |
| External component of computer. | Located outside the system unit and connected to the system unit via a wired or wireless connection. |
| Hardware devices associated with each of the five computer operations ... | Input, processing, output, storage and communications. |
| What is input device? | Any piece of equipment that is used to input data into the computer. |
| What is the most common input devices used with computers? | Keyboards and mouse. |
| Other common input devices include ... | Microphone, digital cameras, scanners, touch pads. |
| What is main processing devices in computer? | Central Processing Unit (CPU). |
| What are the tasks of the CPU? | Calculations, comparisons and controls computer's operations. |
| CPU is often considered as the ... | "brain" of the computer. |