SEARCH
You are in browse mode. You must login to use MEMORY

   Log in to start

PHARMACOLOGY 1


🇬🇧
In English
Created:


Public


5 / 5  (1 ratings)



» To start learning, click login

1 / 25

[Front]


The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes
[Back]


PHARMACOLOGY

Practice Known Questions

Stay up to date with your due questions

Complete 5 questions to enable practice

Exams

Exam: Test your skills

Test your skills in exam mode

Learn New Questions

Popular in this course

Learn with flashcards

Dynamic Modes

SmartIntelligent mix of all modes
CustomUse settings to weight dynamic modes

Manual Mode [BETA]

Select your own question and answer types
Other available modes

Complete the sentence
Listening & SpellingSpelling: Type what you hear
multiple choiceMultiple choice mode
SpeakingAnswer with voice
Speaking & ListeningPractice pronunciation
TypingTyping only mode

PHARMACOLOGY 1 - Leaderboard

1 user has completed this course

No users have played this course yet, be the first


PHARMACOLOGY 1 - Details

Levels:

Questions:

870 questions
🇬🇧🇬🇧
Two General Principles (PHARMACOLOGY)
1 All substances can under circumstances be toxic, and the chemicals in botanicals are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the proportion of impurities 2 All dietary supplements and all therapies promoted as health-enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as conventional drugs and medical therapies
POWER PLANT:
1 Alkaloids 2 Glycosides 3 Gums 4 Resins 5 Oils
Animal Magnetism Drugs obtained from animal sources
1 hormones such as insulin 2 oils and fats (usually fixed) - cod liver oil 3 enzymes - pancreatin and pepsin 4 vaccines
Mineral Springs: __
• Iron • Iodine • Epsom salt
Routes of Administration
• buccal, sublingual, translingual • gastric • intradermal • intramuscular • intravenous • oral • rectal and vaginal • respiratory • subcutaneous • topical
The Physical Nature of Drugs
• Solid - Aspirin, Atropine • Liquid - Nicotine, Ethanol • Gaseous - Nitrous Oxide
Drug Size, SMALLEST and LARGEST
1 Smallest -- Lithium ion (MW 7) 2 Largest -- Alteplase (MW 59,050) 3 Most drugs -- MW 100-1000
Three major types of bonds
1 covalent, 2 electrostatic and 3 hydrophobic
Must undergo extensive animal studies
IND - Investigational New Drug
Exceptions to the Rule
1 Public health threat of disease like AIDS, COVID-19 2 Sponsors of drugs that reach phase II or III clinical trials can apply for FDA approval of treatment IND status
LADMERS
• Liberation of an active ingredient from the dosage form • Absorption into systemic circulation • Distribution • Metabolism in the body • Excretion of the drug from the body • Response
Factors influencing absorption
1 Effect of pH on drug absorption 2 Blood flow to the absorption site 3 Total surface area available for absorption 4 Contact time at the absorption surface
Factors Influencing Bioavailability
1 First-pass Hepatic Metabolism 2 Solubility of the drug 3 Chemical instability 4 Nature of the drug formulation
What are the Special Barriers to Distribution?
1 Placental (most small molecular weight drugs cross the placental barrier; fetal blood levels are usually lower than maternal) 2 Blood-brain (permeable only to lipid-soluble drugs or those of very low molecular weight)
Plasma concentration is a function of
– the rate of input of the drug (by absorption) into the plasma – the rate of distribution – and the rate of elimination
Pharmacokinetics TWO BASIC PARAMETERS
1 CLEARANCE 2 VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION
The ratio of the amount of drug in the body to the drug concentration in the plasma or blood
Volume of distribution -Can be affected by liver and kidney disease
METABOLISM OF DRUGS Three major routes:
– Hepatic metabolism – Biliary metabolism – Urinary metabolism
Metabolism (Biotransformation) PHASES
1) Phase I (Functionalization) – Redox Reactions and hydrolysis. 2) Phase II (Conjugation) – Attacks certain drugs with existing functional groups and attaches conjugate molecules
Metabolism (Biotransformation) May be affected by
• Drug Interactions due to inducers, inhibitors, and substrates • Genetic factors • Disease states DRUG WITH INDUCER - FASTER DRUGS WITH INHIBITOR - SLOWER
EXCRETION; Renal elimination of drugs:
– Glomerular filtration – Proximal tubular secretion – Distal tubular reabsorption
Excretion process
1 Glomerular filtration of water and unbound drugs and metabolites 2 Active tubular secretion of acidic and basic drugs and metabolites 3 Active reabsorption of acidic and basic endogenous compounds and passive reabsorption of lipophilic drugs 4 Urinary excretion of drugs and metabolites that are filtered and or actively secreted and not reabsorbed
Controls Cl- channels
GABAA-receptor complex (CLASS 1)
G-proteins: __
1) Gs 2) Gi 3) Gq
CLASS III example
• Epidermal growth factor • Atrial natriuretic peptide • Insulin