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level: Level 1

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level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Neurotransmitters can be classified as __1 Excitatory 2 Inhibitory
1 Stimulation of EXCITATORY NEURONS causes movement of ions that results in a __ of the postsynaptic membrane 2 Stimulation of INHIBITORY NEURONS causes movement of ions that results in a __ of the postsynaptic membrane1 depolarization 2 hyperpolarization
EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials) is generated by the following:– Stimulation causes release of neurotransmitters (glutamate, ACh) causing transient increase of Na+ ion permeability – Influx of Na+ causes weak depolarization – Increased stimulated excitatory neurons causes increase in excitatory neurotransmitter release (action potential)
IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials) is generated by the following:– Stimulation of inhibitory neurons causes the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) causing influx of ions (efflux: K+ and influx: Cl-) – Influx and efflux of ions causes weak hyperpolarization causing diminished action potential
OVERALL action is the summation of the individual actions of the various neurotransmitters on the neuronCOMBINED EFFECTS OF EPSP & IPSP
characterized by the progressive loss of of selected neurons in discrete brain areas, resulting in characteristic disorders of movement, cognition, or bothNEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Neurodegenerative Diseases of the CNS1 Parkinson's Disease 2 Alzheimer's Disease 3 MS (Multiple sclerosis) 4 ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
A progressive neurological disorder of muscle movement, characterized by tremors, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural and gait abnormalities. - Correlated with the DESTRUCTION of DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS in substantia nigra - a REDUCTION of dopamine actions in the corpus striatum. Most cases of this are of the age 65 (1 in 100 individuals)Parkinsonism
Part of EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM SOURCE of DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS Fires TONICALLYSubstantia nigra
Connected to the substantia nigra by neurons that secrete inhibitory transmitter GABA at their terminiNeostriatum
Drugs that may produce Parkinsonian symptoms (Pseudoparkinsonism) / Secondary Parkinsonism (Blocks dopamine receptors) Should be used with CAUTION to patients with PARKINSON'S DISEASE1 Phenothiazines 2 Haloperidol
Symptoms of parkinsonism reflect an IMBALANCE between __1 Excitatory Cholinergic Neurons 2 Inhibitory Dopaminergic Neurons (Dopaminergic Neurons greatly are diminished)