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level: Level 3

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 3

Question	Answer
Why are drug concentrations more often measured in plasma rather than whole blood or serum?	It is the most direct approach to assess the pk of drug in the body PLASMA perfuses all the tissues of the body, including the cellular elements in the blood Small molecules in the blood are carried thru the plasma Changes in the drug concentration in plasma will reflect changes in tissue drug concentrations. Measuring the plasma drug level is a responsive method of monitoring the course of therapy.
What is the relationship of drug concentrations to drug response?	The measurement of drug concentrations confirms effect of the drug dose
drug in blood exists in two forms:	bound and unbound. A drug's efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within blood plasma. The less bound a drug is, the more efficiently it can traverse cell membranes or diffuse.
1 Common blood proteins that drugs bind to are: 2 Act as transporters	1 human serum albumin, lipoprotein, glycoprotein, and α, β‚ and γ globulins. 2 enzyme, proteins etc
What is the differences between the concentrations in the plasma of? 1 Bound drug 2 Unbound drug	. 1 Take too long to effect and may accumulate and cause toxicity 2 Gives therapeutic effect
__ can influence the drug's biological half-life in the body. The __ portion may act as a reservoir or depot from which the drug is slowly released as the unbound form. Since the __ form is being metabolized and/or excreted from the body, the bound fraction will be released in order to maintain equilibrium.	Protein binding, bound, unbound.
is a medication that is administered in an inactive or less than fully active form, and then it becomes converted to its active form through a normal metabolic process, such as hydrolysis of an ester form of the drug. may be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug, especially important in treatments like chemotherapy, which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects. Instead of administering a drug, a __ might be used instead to improve how a medicine is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME).	prodrug
Benzodiazepines duration in: 1 Urine 2 Oral Fluid 3 Hair	. 1) 1-14 days 2) 0-36 hours 3) 7 - 90 days
What is the Importance of Monitoring the plasma drug concentrations?	1 Compliance monitoring 2 Individualizing therapy – during early therapy and during dosage changes 3 Diagnosing under-treatment 4 Avoiding toxicity 5 Monitoring and detecting drug interactions 6 Guiding withdrawal of therapy - allow for the adjustment of the drug dosage - to individualize and optimize therapeutic drug regimens. - When there is alterations in physiologic functions, monitoring may provide a guide to the progress of the disease state - enable the investigator to modify the drug dosage accordingly.
It is generated by obtaining the drug concentration in plasma samples taken at various time intervals after a drug product is administered.	Plasma drug concentrations - Time Curve
In the graph, As the drug reaches the general systemic circulation, plasma drug concentrations will __	rise up to a maximum
1 absorption of a drug is more rapid than elimination. TRUE OR FALSE As the drug is being absorbed into the systemic circulation, the drug is distributed to all tissues in the body and is also simultaneously being eliminated.	1 TRUE
The duration of action of a drug is known as its __. This is the period of time required for the concentration or amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half. We usually consider the half life of a drug in relation to the amount of the drug in plasma. A drug's plasma __ depends on how quickly the drug is eliminated from the plasma	half life