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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
It is the application of pharmacokinetic methods to drug therapy in patient care It involves a multidisciplinary approach to individually optimized dosing strategies based on 1 The patient’s disease state (e.g. renal, hepatic) 2 And patient-specific considerations (e.g. genetics)	Clinical pharmacokinetics
The study of Pk differences of drugs in various population groups is termed __	population pharmacokinetics
involves measuring plasma antibiotic concentrations at a specific time in a dosing regimen and dosing in special populations - To individualize dosing	dose optimization
PK is also applied to __ for very potent drugs such as those with a narrow therapeutic range, in order to optimize efficacy and to prevent any adverse toxicity.	therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
In Pk, Some drugs frequently monitored:	1 aminoglycosides (kidney injury, hearing impairment and vestibular toxicity) 2 anticonvulsants,(phenytoin) 3 cancer chemotherapy drugs
An important element in determining individual or population pk, drug concentrations are measured in the ff Samples:	1 Milk 2 Saliva 3 Plasma (most common) 4 Urine
The fraction (or percentage) of the administered dose of drug that reaches the systemic circulation	Bioavailability
serves as an important DIAGNOSTIC TOOL in the clinical evaluation of patients treated with critical-dose drugs	drug concentration monitoring
Sampling of biologic specimens METHODS	1 Invasive methods - Blood - Spinal fluid - Synovial fluid - Tissue biopsy, or any biologic material that requires parenteral of surgical intervention in the patient 2 Non-invasive methods - Urine - Saliva - Feces - Expired air - Or any biologic material that can be obtained without parenteral or surgical intervention
an indirect method to ascertain the bioavailability of the drug - Rate and extent of drug excreted in urine reflects the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption	Measurement of drugs in urine
reflect drug that has not been absorbed after an oral dose or drug that has been expelled by biliary secretion after systemic absorption.	Measurement in feces
approximates the free drug rather than Cp because only free drug diffuses into the saliva	Drug levels in saliva
indicates past drug exposures as it contain drug metabolites ex. heroin	Hair samples
a helpful method to detect overdosing of legal medications, poisoning or substance of abuse (opiates) .	Forensic drug measurements
It is the most direct approach to assessing the Pk of the drug in the body	Measurement of drug and metabolite concentrations (levels) in the Blood Serum, or Plasma