| Majority of acute pharyngitis are ______ in origin. | Viral |
| What is the infection organism causing pharyngitis in children younger than 3? | H. influenzae |
| What are the drugs of choice for streptococcal pharyngitis? | Penicillin derivatives |
| When should a child with pharyngitis replace their toothbrush with a new one? | 24 hours after beginning antibiotics |
| Tonsillitis usually occurs as a result of __________ | Pharyngitis |
| What kind of drug treatment is prescribed for bacterial tonsillitis? | 10-day course of penicillin |
| Decreasing blood pressure is a late sign of _____. | Shock |
| What is the most common form of croup? | LTB (laryngotracheobronchitis) |
| How is the onset of LTB characterized? | Gradual, progressive |
| What is the temperature of a child with LTB? | Normal or mildly elevated |
| What is the most serious complication of croup? | Laryngeal obstruction |
| What is the most common cause of bronchitis? | Rhinovirus |
| What is the most common cause of bronchitis in children younger than 6? | Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| How do chest radiographs commonly appear in a child with bronchitis? | Normal |
| Cough suppressants are contraindicated in _______ unless the condition significantly affects sleep | Bronchitis |
| How long can RSV survive outside a host? | Hours |
| Bronchiolitis is an acute ______ inflammation of the smaller airway passages | Viral |
| How is RSV transmitted? | Respiratory secretions |
| A patient with RSV is under what precautions? | Respiratory isolation |
| What is pulmonary TB? | A chronic bacterial lung infection |
| What microorganism is pulmonary TB caused by? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| What is the best way to obtain sputum cultures from infants and children? | Gastric aspiration |
| The usual course of treatment for TB is no less than _____ months | 12 months |
| What is the earliest manifestation of cystic fibrosis in the newborn? | Meconium ileus |
| What is a common GI manifestation with CF? | Rectal prolapse |
| What is used to diagnose CF? | Two sweat tests |
| A sweat chloride level higher than ___mEq/L is diagnostic for CF | 60mEq/L |
| What kind of vitamins should be administered to the patient with CF? | Fat-soluble (A,D,E,K) |
| What is the single most important aspect of treatment for a patient with CF? | Pulmonary therapy |
| What kind of therapy involves breathing through a device that provides resistance while exhaling? | Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy |
| Early on in CF the child may experience excess ______, which decreases as the disease progresses | Appetite |
| What should be administered to a child with CF before meals and snacks? | A mixture of pancreatic enzymes |
| What is the current life expectancy of a baby born with CF? | 47 years or older |
| Bronchial asthma is a ________ obstructive respiratory disorder | Reversible |
| What are the 4 classifications of asthma? | 1. Mild intermittent
2. Mild persistent
3. Moderate persistent
4. Severe persistent |
| What kind of testing is also ordered for a child with asthma? | Skin testing for allergens |
| Which 2 factors are sufficient to diagnose asthma? | 1. Chronic cough in the absence of infection
2. Diffuse wheezing during expiratory phase of respiration |
| Any disease process has the potential to result in manifestions of ____ disturbances | GI |
| What are some environmental factors linked to cleft lip and palate? | Folic acid deficiency
Alcohol
Smoking |
| Children with cleft palate tend to be predisposed to recurrent __________ as a result of eustachian tube dysfunction | Otitis media |
| Cleft palate repair occurs within the first ___ months of age | 18 months |
| What does ESSR feeding stand for? | Enlarge the nipple
Stimulate the suck reflex
Swallow fluid appropriately
Rest when infant signals with facial expression |
| How should a child with cleft palate repair be positioned? | On the abdomen |
| Which two factors continue to be a problem after cleft lip or palate repair surgery? | Speech impairments
Middle ear infections |
| List the labs used to determine severity of dehydration? | Serum sodium
Serum glucose
Serum bicarbonate
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
| Diarrhea caused by an inflammatory process is called ________. | Gastroenteritis |
| List the most prevalent bacterial pathogens causing diarrhea: | Salmonella
Shigella
Rotavirus |
| The ______ diet is no longer recommended for children experiencing diarrhea | BRAT |
| Saline solution with 5% dextrose provides the child with ________, ________, and _________. | Fluid, Sodium, and Calories |
| Newborns should pass a first meconium stool within how many hours after birth? | 24 to 36 hours |
| The passage of gastric esophageal contents into the oropharynx is called _______. | Regurgitation |
| Which position improves gastric emptying and decreases GER? | Prone position |
| What is the most commonly performed surgical procedure for GER? | Nissen fundoplication |
| GER results primarily from an incompetent _________ ________ _________. | Lower esophageal sphincter |
| What is the most common reason for an abdominal operation during the first 6 months of life? | Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis |
| At 4 to 6 months of life the infant with HPS begins to ______ immediately after feedings | Vomit |
| What is the hallmark sign of HPS? | Projectile vomiting |
| What is the surgical treatment for HPS? | Pyloromyotomy |
| What is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in children 3 to six years of age? | Intussusception |
| What is intussusception? | The telescoping of one portion of the intestine into another |
| What is a hallmark sign of intussusception? | "Currant jelly" stools |
| Hirschsprung's disease is also known as _______. | Megacolon |
| Hirschsprung's disease is more common in children with _______ _____. | Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) |
| What is the immediate treatment for Hirschsprung's disease? | Surgical removal of the affected portion of the bowel |
| For Hirschsprung's disease, a Soave endorectal pull-through is performed when the child reaches ___ lbs. | 20 lbs |
| What are hallmark signs of nephrotic syndrome? | Increased body weight
Decreased urine output
Marked edema |
| Where is edema commonly seen in a child with nephrotic syndrome? | Eyes
Abdomen
Feet
Ankles |
| What is the principle goal of management of nephrotic syndrome? | Reduce the edema |
| What is the primary means of reducing the edema in nephrotic syndrome? | Steroid therapy |
| Proteinuria, edema, hyperlipidemia, and hypoproteinemia is seen in which condition? | Nephrotic syndrome |
| How long does it take steroid therapy to take an effect when treating nephrotic syndrome? | 7 to 21 days |
| Measuring abdominal girth is essential in assessing the status of: | Fluid retention or excretion |
| The child with nephrotic syndrome should consume adequate _______ to offset the amount lost through urine | Protein |
| What is the most common form of acute glomerulonephritis? | Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) |
| What commonly preceeds acute glomerulonephrtis? | A pneumococcal, streptococcal, or viral infection |
| ASPGN affects which age group? | Early school age; peaks at 6 to 7 |
| In APSGN, the glomeruli become infiltrated with ______ | WBC's |
| When do manifestations of APSGN appear? | 10 to 14 days after streptococcal infection |
| What color is the urine of a child with acute glomerulonephritis? | Tea or cola colored |
| What is the most common renal and intraabdominal malignant tumor of childhood? | Wilms tumor |
| Wilms tumor is uncommon in children older than ___. | 6 years |
| Which kidney is most commonly affected by Wilms tumor? | Left kidney |
| When is a surgical resection performed after diagnosis of a Wilms tumor? | As soon as possible; usually 24 to 48 hours |
| Wilms tumor accounts for __% of all cancers in children | 5% |
| How is a screening for hypothyroidism performed at birth? | From a sample taken from the baby's heel |
| Prompt treatment of hypothyroidism is crucial in preventing __________ | Permanent cognitive impairment |
| What are the three cardinal signs of diabetes? | Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia |
| Ketones are the product of ____ ________. | Fat metabolism |
| How does the body eliminate excess ketone bodies? | Through the urine or lungs |
| What kind of respirations are present during ketoacidosis? | Kussmaul respirations |
| Ketoacidosis is diagnosed when blood glucose levels are greater than _____ mg/dL | 200 mg/dL |
| What causes Hirschsprung disease? | Absence of parasympathetic ganglion cells in a portion of the colon |
| What is developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)? | Abnormality of the femoral head, acetabulum, or both |
| What does physical assessment of DDH reveal when the hips are manipulated? | Audible clunking sound when the hips are manipulated |
| How long should the hip remain in abduction after surgery for DDH? | 4-6 months |
| What kind of harness is used to maintain the hips in abduction after DDH surgery? | Pavlik harness |
| What are the 5 P's of neurovascular assessment? | Pain
Pallor
Paresthesia
Pulselessness
Puffiness |
| Developmental dysplasia of the hip occurs more often in which gender? | Girls |
| What is Legg-Calve-Perthes disease caused by? | Decreased blood supply to the femoral head |
| Legg-Calve-Perthes disease occurs more often in boys of which ages? | 4 to 10 years of age |
