SEARCH
You are in browse mode. You must login to use MEMORY

   Log in to start

SOCI 201


🇬🇧
In English
Created:


Public
Created by:
Avery Sheldon


0 / 5  (0 ratings)



» To start learning, click login

1 / 25

[Front]


What are the 4 explanations for why racial crimes occur?
[Back]


1) Biological 2) Psychological 3) Normative Explanation 4) Split Market Theory

Practice Known Questions

Stay up to date with your due questions

Complete 5 questions to enable practice

Exams

Exam: Test your skills

Test your skills in exam mode

Learn New Questions

Dynamic Modes

SmartIntelligent mix of all modes
CustomUse settings to weight dynamic modes

Manual Mode [BETA]

The course owner has not enabled manual mode
Specific modes

Learn with flashcards
multiple choiceMultiple choice mode
SpeakingAnswer with voice
TypingTyping only mode

SOCI 201 - Leaderboard

1 user has completed this course

No users have played this course yet, be the first


SOCI 201 - Details

Levels:

Questions:

87 questions
🇬🇧🇬🇧
What are the 4 explanations for why racial crimes occur?
1) Biological 2) Psychological 3) Normative Explanation 4) Split Market Theory
What are the main points of Biological Theory?
-ethnic grouping is natural -discrimination, prejudice, ethnocentrism is our nature -these features will remain because they are nature
What are the problems of Biological Theory?
-people hurt their own ethnic group -different groups work together in anti-racist campaigns
What is Primordialism?
-advanced by Van Der Berghe -said both nature and nurture cause racism -racism was socialized into people as well as being biological -prejudice, racism all partly caused by genes -(these specific genes were never identified)
Rushton and the 3 Races?
1) Negroids 2) Caucasoids 3) Mongoloids
Describe Negroids as defined by Rushton
-biologically dispositioned toward crime -less intelligent
Describe Caucosoids as described by Rushton
In the middle of Negorids and Mongoloids
Describe Mongoloids as defined by Rushton
-low rates of crime -less aggressive -more intelligent
Why was Rushton's work flawed?
Didn't account for other countries definition of crime. Very ethnocentric
What are the main points of Psychological Theory?
-frustration in life leads to aggression -some people have authoritarian personality -theory once prominent but now discounted -produced the Frustration-Aggression Theory and the Authoritarian Personality Theory
What is the Frustration-Aggression Theory? What are the problems of this theory?
-from 1964 -if people posses personalities then some will be aggressive and resort to violence Problems: -frustration poorly defined -why do people blame skin color when frustrated
What is the Authoritarian Personality Theory?
Some people are simply authoritarian and take their anger out on racial groups
What is Normative Theory?
-originating from functionalism (first proposed by Durkheim) -when racism and discrimination is passed down from generation to generation -when people are young they may be exposed to racist ideas from parents -those exposed to prejudice will act discriminatory -prejudice and discrimination can be explained by A) persons definition of situations and B) reference groups norms -Merton suggest that discrimination influences prejudice however, this is hard to prove 1) people make decisions about when/where/who they are racist 2)Reference group norms influence racism
What did Robert Merton contribute to Normative Theory?
Wondered why people aren't racist even when they are exposed to it? Why are some racist when not exposed? -argues discrimination occurs before prejudice** -suspects that people don't attain success so they blame on another race therefore discrimination leads to stereotypes in order to rationalize
John Porter and Vertical Mosaic
-examined class structure -defined charter groups and entrance groups -state polices made create a vertical mosaic with layers of the charter and entrance groups
What are Charter Groups?
-colonized the country -set up rules for others to follow -English/French
What are Entrance Groups?
-all others who immigrated
Social Class Ladder (top to bottom)
English French Other Western Europeans Visible Minorities First Nations
Conflict Theorists on Merton
-thought the struggle to accumulate wealth was to blame for prejudice and discrimination -Result in Chinese Head Tax, Voyage Clauses and Systemic Discrimination "success norms" or "capitalist norms"
Explain the Split Market Theory
-says there are 3 groups in society A) Business/Capitalists B) High paid (white) labour C) Low paid (non-white) labour -conflict b/w B and C increases A's profit -threatens to replace B with C
Sex
Biological traits of men/women ex. chromosomes, hormone level, reproductive organs
Gender
Social, cultural or psychological traits of men and women
Gender Policing
Ensuring others act as tradition says for men and women
Transgender
When gender and sex are not in alignment with societies expectations
Transsexual
Alter body physically to match identity
Compulsory Heterosexuality
Live in world where sexual/gender expectations and regulates and it is assumed majority of people are heterosexual
Alfred Kinsey
-found that sexual intimacy varied far more than people thought -suggested it was more appropriate to think of sexuality as on a continuum
The Sexual Continuum (0,1,2,3,4,5,6)
0- completely heterosexual 1- mostly heterosexual, incidental homosexual 2-mostly heterosexual, non incidental homosexual 3- equally heterosexual and homosexual 4- mostly homosexual, non incidental heterosexual 5- mostly homosexual, incidental heterosexual 6- completely homosexual
What is Essentialism?
The belief there is something innate about gender something natural and normal about two sexes and two genders -evidence for essentialism is weak
Evidence of Essentialism?
Brain Studies - gender is a result of men and women using different parts of the brain Sociobiology - certain genes produce gendered difference Freud - genders experience stages of development in different ways, unconscious mind
Critiques of Essentialism (7)
1) variation in gender across cultures 2) Margret Mead and the Arapesh 3) rape rates vary widely in cultures across the world 4) societies change without and corresponding gender change 5) gender differences decreasing rapidly 6) research of sociobiology flawed (not able to identify genes, generalized averages) 7) exaggerates degree to which gender is unchangable
Social Constructionism
-opposite of essentialism -argues the support for essentialism is not strong -gender is a social construct -social influence and power explain gender -gender also maintained in part by wars -Marx argued gender was accentuated by capitalism
Economic Inequality
-double work day (home/work) -sex segregation -sex typing -glass ceiling -non-standard work
Aspects of Social Inequality
Gender Stratification (men hold more power, prestige and wealth that women) power - ability to pose one's will on another wealth - economic resources to pay for necessities prestige - social rank/respect
Why are woman in labour?
1. increase in demand for service sector workers 2. decrease in number of children being born 3. family finances (too much, need more income)
Why do woman earn less than men? (4 reasons)
1) gender differences in characteristics that influence pay rates (education, experience) 2)women are involved in sex segregated, non-standard work 3) simple discrimination 4) A general devaluation of work performed by women
Aspects of the wage gap
-women earned 69 cents for every dollar a man earned - fulltime vs full time women earned 75 cents for every dollar men earned -hour vs hour women earned 87 cents for every dollar men earned
Feminism Wave 1
-beginning of 20th century -liberal feminism -voting, being candidates, owning property
Feminism Wave 2
-1960's -cultural feminism, Marxist feminism, socialist feminism, radical feminism -bodily autonomy, remaining at home, beauty pressures
Socialist Feminism and 2 sources of oppression
1) Capitalism 2) Patriarchy focus on how capitalism and patriarchy sustain each other
Ideas behind Socialist Feminism (4)
1) capitalism and patriarchy need to be altered or destroyed for women to be free 2) capitalists benefit greatly from women's work 3) states intervene with social programs which raise debt 4) laws of state can be changed for positive social change
Radical Feminism
-capitalism has little to do with female oppression -women are oppressed because they are women and it is a male state -the state is an enemy not an ally -men are aggressive and need to dominate women -arose in 1960 -feminism essentialist -"the person is political" --> how women act is impactful on all women -believe that the government will never help women attain equality from men
Intersectionist Feminism (3rd wave-now)
-oppression exists in many forms and is cumulative -gender is a social construct -explaining how gender is a social construct may help eliminate inequality
Social Imagery
How beauty norms impact women looking better means access to better social groups girls are harshest critics
Matthews 4 groups
1) The Elite- well aware of beauty norms and live up to them, treated better 2) Wannabes- close to being elite, struggle to alter looks and lose weight 3) Life in the Middle - not interested in beauty norms, interested in other things like sports 4) The Fringe- do not live up to beauty norms, treated poorly and often marginalized
What did Richard Hawkins say about atheists?
They were oppressed because they are forced to deal with ideas they disagree with
What is Religion?
System of meaning for interpreting world, unified belief in a super natural referent
What are human perspectives?
Often science based and human centered ex. communism humanist says life doesn't have meaning, we give it meaning
Marx on Religion (Opium)
1. Religion and God are human creations 2. Religion is "opium of people" 3. Religion maintains unequal, exploitative society 4. Religion delays inevitable transition to communism 5. Religion will fade 6. Religious leaders are part of bourg
Durkheim on Religion (Holey Answer)
1. Religion is human construct 2. Religion contributes to collective conscious 3. Religions identifies this a sacred and profane 4. Religion will continue because it is functional and informs us how to think
What are the functions of Religion?
-fosters cohesion -offers support -addresses ultimate questions -provide social service -legitimizes political authority -influences social change
Webber on Religion (Spirit)
1. examined religion in terms of how it effects the way we behaved 2. Says religion help shaped modern day capitalism 3.Religion creates power for some people (did not debate existence of god)
Marxian Causal Chain
Capitalism ---> Religion
Weberian Causal Chain
Religion ---> Capitalism
What is Personal Religiosity?
Bibby argues that we need to consider the following to determine someones religiosity 1. Belief in God 2. Practice 3.Experience (see/speak to God) 4.. Knowledge (of the Bible)
What is Collective Religiosity ?
What is Collective Religiosity ?
What is the Organizational Approach?
Bibby assesses individuals by: 1. sources of members 2. goals of the group 3. norms/roles used to establish purpose 4. sanctions to ensure conformity 5. overall "success"
What are the Sources of Religiosity ?
1. Reflection (upon ultimate questions) (not big source) 2. Socialization (family religious) 3. Deprivation (not a big cause)
What is Deviance ?
Non normative behaviour, violation of a norm
What is Crime ?
Breaking the law (illegal deviance)
Consensus Crime
Considered very harmful harshest punishment mala in se --> evil/bad
Conflict Crime
Behaviour prohibited mala prohibita
Formal Control
From state and institution
Informal Control
Exerted by family/ friends
What is Social Deviance?
Legal but stigmatized ex. ex convicts ex. mental health
What is Social Diversion?
How people appear to others
Crusaders
Try to change behaviour of others believe serious evil exists results in moral panic
Moral Panics
1. Concern - awareness a group may be harmful 2. Hostility - group becomes folk devils 3. Consensus - large # of people become concerned 4. Disproportionality - exaggerated fear 5. Volatility - arise/fade quickly
Pluralists
Argue that laws reflect what societies deem important everyone has say in making laws
Conflict Theory
Bourg largely construct laws lower class is criminalized gross inequality responsible
Postmodernists
Society socially constructs crime those who generate/disseminate the news control the laws elites have control difference between bourg and elite elite is those who generate news
Strain Theory
-grew out of functionalism -people behave deviant when strained -crime/deviance are result of "rising expectations and falling realizations" -materialism and personal success -those unable to achieve American dream adapt by deviating
Merton's Typology
-part of strain theory 1. Conformists - accepts amer dream, has ability to achieve it (not deviant ) 2. Innovator - accepts amer dream, can not achieve it. Innovates in illegal way to achieve dream 3. Ritualist- does not want amer dream but can achieve it (child of wealthy person) 4. Retreatists - does not want amer dream and can not achieve it (retreat from society for drugs and alcohol or due to mental health) 5. Rebel - do not want goal society wants them to have also use other means to obtain goals (examples are communist or terrorist)
Learning Theory
If a person is exposed to crime / deviance that person will learn to accept and engage in it
Skyes and Matza
-believed we need to change learning theory -thought normal people are aware of norms but can set them aside -learn to rationalize any guilt
Path Diagram 1: Conformist
Motivated Defender --> Guilt --> No crime/deviance
Path Diagram 2: Criminal / Deviant invokes neutralization
Motivated Offender --> neutralization --> Crime/Deviance
Path Diagram 3: Rationalization after Crime
Motivated Offender --> Crime/Deviance --> neutralization invoke neutralization after society makes them feel guilty
Techniques of Neutralization
Denial of Responsibility Denial of Injury Denial of Victim Condemning the Condemner Appear to higher authority
Denial of Responsibility
Perpetrator says not guilty because circumstances made them do it
Denial of Injury
Not guilty because no one got hurt or nothing was damaged
Denial of Victim
Argues action is justifiable because victim deserved it or did something to them
Condemning the Condemners
Deviant reacts to condemnation by pointing out flaws of condemner
Appeal to Higher Loyalties
Says they did it, not for self interest but for a greater cause/reason/person
Control Theory
-ppl deviate because it is enjoyable -people conform because they have been taught to or controlled to -girls are more controlled than boys so girls commit less crime
Labelling
-people behave deviant when defined by society as such -labelling has a measure of power that can lead to deviance