psychology social influence
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What does internal locus of control mean? | When we feel we have personal control over our own behaviour. |
| What is the bystander effect? | Bystander effect is when the presence of other people leads to the failure to help another person in need. Both situational and personal factors can influence whether willing to help (bystander intervention) or not (bystander apathy) (bystander effect is the same as bystander apathy) |
| What does normative social influence mean? | Compliance because of the need to fit into a group. |
| What does obidience mean? | Complying with the orders of an authority figure |
| What does situational factors mean? | Features of a situation that influence whether or not we intervene in an emergency. |
| What does social issue mean? | A social problem or conflict that affects a community of people. |
| What does social issue mean? | A social problem or conflict that affects a community of people. |
| What does bystander effect mean? | Sometimes called bystander apathy, when we fail to help another in need. |
| What are the 5 situational factors of the bystander effect? | Diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, social norms, personality, emotional arouse |
| What is diffusion of responsibility ? | When there is a huge crowd present so therefore we feel less personal responsibility, we assume others will take responsibility. In a smaller crowd we might want to intervene more seeing as there are no many people |
| What is pluralistic ignorance? | We look at other people to help interpret the situation and that tell us how to respond. If we see other people not responding we assume that it is a non-emergency. |
| What is social norms? | Individualistic cultures place more value with individuals whereas collectivist cultures place more values on social groups. There for social norms with helping behavior in collectivist cultures require cooperation within social groups, whereas social norms for helping behavior with individualistic cultures require self-protection. This means less helping behavior from individualistic cultures and more from collectivist cultures. (specific groups in the social norms) |
| What is personality (situational factors) | An individual may have a personality that makes them more or less likely to intervene in emergencies. Someone may have Internal Local Control, meaning that they think they can make a difference in a situation, resulting in them helping. In contrast someone may have External Local Control which means they will most likely pass the responsibility to someone else. |
| What is emotional arousal? (situational factors) | The presence of an emergency may cause emotional arousal in bystanders (fear, anxiety, sympathy) this contributes whether the bystander relieves themselves by helping so that they don't feel bad. By weigh the personal costs (eg. the guilt of not helping Vs the personal risk of helping) and the benefits (reduction of anxiety/fear) to determine they way to reduce their emotional arousal. |
| What does anti-semitic mean? | Negative attitudes, prejudice or discrimination against Jews. |
| What does antisocial behavior mean? | Behaviour that is unhelpful, destructive and aggressive. |
| What does authoritarian personality mean? | A type of personality that is respectful of authority, right-wing in attitude and rigid in their beliefs. |
| What does authority figure mean? | Someone with more power and control than another |
| What does blind obidience mean? | When we comply with the orders of an authority figure without question; this tends to be associated with a negative outcome. |
| What does bystander effect mean? | Sometimes called bystander apathy, when we fail to help another in need. |
| What does collectivist culture mean? | A culture that emphasises group membership, interdependence and cooperation. |
| What does compliance mean? | Going along with the majority even though we privately do not agree. |
| What does confederate mean? | A researcher or other person who is acting in a study but does not know what the study is about. |
| What does comformity mean? | Matching the behaviour and beliefs of others in order to fit in or because we do not know how to behave in an unusual situation. |
| What does covert observation mean? | Participants are unaware that they are being observed. |
| What does culture mean? | A set for traditions, beliefs and values shared by a group of people. |
| What does deindividualisation mean? | Loss of personal self-awareness and responsibility as a result of being in a group. |
| What does demand characteristics mean? | When the participant alters their behaviour in response to the perceived aims of the investigation. |
| What does diffusion of responsibility mean? | When we believe others will help so we do not have to. |
| What does external locus of control mean? | When we feel that factors external to us control our behaviour. |
| What does F-scale mean? | A questionnaire designed to identify authoritarian personalities or traits. |
| What does field experiment mean? | A procedure staged in a naturalistic environment. |
| What does identification mean? | Temporarily adopting the behaviours of a role model or group. |
| What does individualistic culture mean? | A culture that emphasises independence, autonomy and individuality. |
| What does informative social influence mean? | Conformity because we do not know how to behave; others provide this information so we adopt their beliefs and behaviours. |
| What does internal locus of control mean? | When we feel we have personal control over our own behaviour. |
| What does internalisation mean? | Going along with the majority because we do not know how to behave in a situation – we adopt the beliefs of the group. |
| What does locus of control mean? | The extent to which we believe we have control over our behaviour/life. |
| What does momentum of compliance mean? | When we start something we feel compelled to finish it. |
| What does normative social influence mean? | Compliance because of the need to fit into a group. |
| What does obidience mean? | Complying with the orders of an authority figure |
| What does personality factors mean? | Features of an individual (e.g. traits) that influence how likely they are to intervene in an emergency. |
| What does prosocial behaviour mean? | Behaviour that is seen as helpful, kind, co-operative and peaceful. |
| What does situational factors mean? | Features of a situation that influence whether or not we intervene in an emergency. |
| What does social issue mean? | A social problem or conflict that affects a community of people. |
| What does society mean? | A group of people in a community. |
| What is conformity? | Yielding to group pressure. It is when an individual opinons or behaviour are influenced by larger group of people which is known as majority influence. |
| Problem with generablisatity? | Victim and model was always male, gender bias |
| NA | NA |
| What as the aim? | To investigate helping behavior in a natural environment and understand the conditions in which people are more likely to help. |
| Sample used ? | 4450 male and female passengers on a new york subway between 11am and 3pm |
| What type of observation and what happened? | It was a covert observation. 4 groups of 4 uni students ran trails and observed what happened. 2 female confederates recorded the date and 2 males confederates were the victim and model. |
| What victims were there? | All the types of victims were dressed the same in each situation. There was a drunk victim, carrying a bottle and smelled of alcohol Ill victim with a cane. |
| What happened with the model and victim? | The victim entered the carriage and stood in the critical area The model sat in the same critical area and may offer help at different periods of time |
| Where were the observers? | Same carriage through different doors sat in adjacent seating to observe |
| What was the scene in the carriage? | -70 seconds into the train journey the victim staggered and collapsed on the floor until he got help -If he received no help by the train station, the model and the 2 female observers would get off the train (the model helping him) -4 of them go to another platform and next train and repeat the trial. |
| Percentage of people that helped the ill victim before the model? | 95% intervened (in the trials) |
| Percentage of people that helped the drunk victim before the model? | 50% intervened (in the trials) |
| In the trials, what was the percentage of more than one bystander helping? | 60% (before the model) |
| When was same-race help seen most? | Some evidence of same-race help was found , especially with the drunk victim |
| Evidence of diffusion of responsibility? | There was no evidence of diffusion of responsibility, the speed in which the victim was helped was faster when it was busier on the train. |
| Why did people help the ill person more than the drunk person? | Perhaps the cost of helping the ill person is less, in terms of personal risk |
| Why is it more likely that men will help instead of women? | The cost of helping is higher for a women |
| When is there a slight tendency to help in the same race? | When the victim was drunk |
| Why are larger groups more likely to help? | Perhaps the costs of helping is lower and the victim clearly needs help so pluralistic ignorance is unlikely. |
| What does this experiment show about diffusion of responsibility? | It does not happen when the situation is an obvious emergency |
| Ecological validity? | It has high ecological validity because it is a field experiment and that means it can be easily applied to real life. No demand characteristics |
| Ethics? | Covert observation so the people didnt give their consent and they don't know that they are being observed. |
| Reliability? | 2 different observers in different areas of the train, consistent and more reliable results. |
| Generalisablity? | A large opportunity sample, represents a large target population |
| Objectivity ? | Victim and model was always male, gender bias |
| What is the aim? | To investigate what happens to 'non-average' people were assigned roles of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison environment. |
| How many male respondents were there? | 22, 'normal healthy males' |
| How were their roles allocated and what were they to expect? | They were randomly allocated roles (2 groups, prison guards and prisoner) If you were prisoner, expect loss of basic civil rights, especially freedom. |
| What were the guards allowed to do after each 'shift' | They were allowed to go home |
| What were the participants told? | They would be under constant surveillance |
| What were the guards told a day before the prisoners' arrived? ( and given) | Given military style uniform and was told not to use physical punishment and that the purpose to observe the prisoners behavior. |
| What happened to the prisoners on their first day? | They were arrested unexpectedly and taken to real police station. They were stripped, deloused and given an ID pin and a plain uniform and a chain on one ankle, no undergarments |
| What happened after the prisoners arrest? and what happened with the surveillance? | They were only referred to by their ID number 3 supervised toilet visits, 3 line counts, 3 meals and scheduled workouts and exercise each day |
| What were the results with the small interactions with the prisoners and guards? | They tended to be hostile and if they were common they tended to be focused on prison life. |
| Difference between guards? | Some were serious and not hostile unlike others. |
| What did the prisoners do with the guards actions and what happened to 4 of them? (prisoners) | Excepted the oppression 4 of the prisoners were realesed early due to extreme emotional reactions (cry, depression, anxiety and rage ) one even developed a psychosomatic rash |
| What happened on day 5 of the experiment? | 5 prisoners at a 'parole' meeting were willing to give up the $15 to get out the prison |
| What happened on day 6? | The experiment was terminated, 8 days earlier than expected. |
| What could be one explanation to the participants reactions? | They were so extreme due to conformity, through the identification of their social role. The guards had gained power over the prisoners but the prisoners became compliant and dependent. |
| Another explanation to the participants reactions? | The use of uniforms contributed to the deindividualisation of the guards, a loss of personal identity and becoming so immersed in their social role. |
| A weakness? | All male collage students from Stanford uni, gender basis |
| A strength | Recordings show that, most of the time the prisoners were talking about prison life, behavior was real in response. |
| A weakness? | 5 of the participants had to get removed from the experiment due to the fact that they were emotionally distressed. And they had to stop 5 days beforehand because it was getting out of control. There was no protection from harm. |
| An improvement to be made? | Have different genders, not just male, can be applied to a wider target population. |
| An improvement to be made? | Make sure that was okay, protection from harm |
| A strength ? | High internal validity due to ppts selected being phsyciallt stable and then radomly allocated for social role. Shows that the soical role is what made them act differenly due to the pressure of situation Zimbardo's conclusion would be about the environment rather than ppts emotional or physical instablilty |
| A strength? | High internal validity form ppts reactions. Evidnece shows that the situation was real to them, qualitative data shows the 90% of ppts conovs were abt prison life. Prisoner 416 though that it was run by the govermnet. Less likely to display demand chararcteristics |
| A weakness? | Low ethics of the experiment, no protection from harm. Zimbardo being in a dual role of the study, eg ppt wanted to leave and Zimbardo didn't let him as his role of supvisor. Worried about running the prison rather than researcher responsibility. |
| A weakness? | Banuazizi and Mohavedi said that ppts were acting and they performances were sterotypes of how prisoners and guards are supposed to act. Eg: one of the guards said he based his character off 'cool hand luke' Lower the validity of the results due it could be possible that they were only acting |
| Explanation of task difficulty? | If someone is performing a difficult task, they are more likely to look to others for the right answer, so the likelihood of internalisation will increase. |
| What is prosocial behavior ? | A behavior that is seen as helpful, kind and peaceful |
| What is antisocial behavior? | Behavior that is unhelpful, destructive and aggressive |