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Nursing 13


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Define the Digestive System 

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- The digestive system is a body cavity - The digestive system is a tube that mechanically and chemically breaks down food - breaks down food into small particles which are absorbed by the internal environment - interacts with other organ systems to help maintain homeostasis
- The digestive system is a body cavity
- The digestive system is a tube that mechanically and chemically breaks down food 
- breaks down food into small particles which are absorbed by the internal environment 
- interacts with other organ systems to help maintain homeostasis

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Nursing 13 - Details

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Define the Digestive System
- The digestive system is a body cavity - The digestive system is a tube that mechanically and chemically breaks down food - breaks down food into small particles which are absorbed by the internal environment - interacts with other organ systems to help maintain homeostasis
What are the four abdominal quadrants?
1. Right upper quadrant 2. Left Upper quadrant 3. Right Lower quadrant 4. Left Lower quadrant
What organs can be found in the right upper quadrant?
- Liver - Gallbladder -Duodenum - Head of pancreas - Right Kidney and Adrenal gland - Part of transverse and ascending colon
What organs can be found in the left upper quadrant?
- stomach - spleen - Left lobe of liver - body of pancreas - Left kidney and adrenal gland - parts of transverse and descending colon
What organs are found in the right lower quadrant?
- Caecum - Appendix - right ovary and tube - right ureter
What organs are found in the left lower quadrant?
- part of the descending colon - sigmoid colon - left ovary and tube - left ureter
What makes up the Peritoneal Cavity?
1. Pariteal Peritoneum 2. Visceral Peritoneum 3. Fluid
What is the Peritoneum?
The peritoneum is a serous membrane. includes 2 portions
What makes of the Peritoneum?
1. Visceral Peritoneum 2. Parietal Peritoneum
Define the function of the Visceral Peritoneum?
Surrounds the digestive organs. - protection
Define the function of the Parietal Peritoneum?
Lines the body wall - protection
Define Mesentary
Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum and is in charge of holding organs in place, stores fat, and provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves.
Where can Ventral Mesentaries be found?
Ventral mesentery can be found covering portions of our esophagus, the stomach and the upper part of the duodenum, the liver. - growth of the liver divides the ventral mesentery into 2 portions
On the liver, what does the ventral mesetery divide into
1. Falciform ligament 2. Lesser omentum
Define the Falciform Ligament
The falciform ligament binds the anterior part of the liver to the anterior portion of the abdominal wall. Separates the right and left love of the liver
Define the Lesser Omentum
The lesser omentum is a 2 layered fold of peritoneum which attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
Where can Dorsal mesenteries be found?
Dorsal mesentery forms the greater omentum, covers our colon area, etc.
What are example of Dorsal Mesentaries?
1. Greater omentum 2. Transverse mesocolon 3. Sigmoid mesocolon
Define the greater omentum
The greater omentum is 4 layered and connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior portion of the abdominal wall. - hangs like an apron in front of small intestine - is folded back and attaches to transverse colon
Define the Transverse mesocolon
The transverse mesocolon holds the transverse colon in place
Define the Sigmoid mesocolon
The sigmoid mesocolon connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall
Name the organ
Ascending colon
Name the organ
Transverse colon
Name the structure
Lesser omentum (part of dorsal mesentery)
Name structure
Portion of greater omentum
Name structure
Transverse mesocolon
Name organ
Descending colon
Name organ
Small intestine
Name organ
Sigmoid colon
Name structure
Mesentery proper or mesenterial sheet
Name structure
Mesocolon of both ascending and descending colons fused together with the dorsal peritoneum.
Name structure
Lesser omentum
Name organ
Stomach
Name organs
Blue represents the duodenum green represents the Jejunum
Name organ
Transverse colon
Name structure
Greater omentum
Name structure
Parietal peritoneum
Name structure
Mesentery proper
Name structure
Visceral peritoneum
Name structure
Peritoneal cavity
Name structure
Lesser omentum
Name organ
Pancreas
Name structure
Falciform ligament
Name organ
Stomach
Name organ
Duodenum
Name structure
Transverse mesocolon
Name organ
Transverse colon
Name structure
Greater Omentum
Name organ
Jejunum
Name structure
Visceral Peritoneum
Name structue
Parietal Peritoneum
Name organs
Blue: urinary bladder green: Rectum
Where can smooth muscle tissue be found (in terms of the digestive system)
Smooth muscle is primarily found in the walls of Viscera
What are characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
Fibers are elongated One centrally located nucleus Grouped into sheets - creates a longitudinal and circular layer
Name structures (both blue and green region)
Blue region: Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle green region: Circular layer of smooth muscle
What is the function of the Longitudinal layer?
The longitudinal layer causes organ dilation and shortening
What is the function of the circular layer?
The circular layer causes organ constriction and elongation
What innervates the smooth muscle?
Autonomic nervous system fibers - sympathetic motor fibers -parasympathetic motor fibers - Visceral sensory fibers
Name structure covered
Autonomic nerve fibers in smooth muscle
Define Varicosities
Release their neurotransmitters into a wide synaptic cleft.
What stimulates contraction?
Entry of Calcium into the Sarcoplasm stimulates contraction
What is the process of contraction?
1. Calcium enters the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasm reticulum or extracellular fluid and makes it way to the cytosol. 2. Calcium binds and activates calmodulin 3. The activated calmodulin activates the kinase enzymes 4. Kinase enzymes catalyze transfer of phosphate to myosin 5. Activated myosin forms cross bridges with actin of the thin filaments and shortening begin.
Is smooth muscle contraction fast or slow?
Contraction is slow and sustained - takes 30x longer to contract and relax - resistant to fatigue -energy requirements are low (so mitochondria is not abundant)
Where are contractions over long periods needed?
Smooth muscle of arteries and visceral organs must sustain contraction over long periods.
Smooth muscle fibers contract or relax in response to....
- action potentials from ANS - stretching -hormones -changes in pH, oxygen/carbon dioxide levels, tempature
Name the structure covered
Intermediate filament bundles - thick filaments (myosin) - thin filaments (actin)
Define Dense bodies
Dense bodies function the same way as Z discs.  During contraction, sliding myofilaments shorten the muscle cell by pulling on the dense bodies and overall the cytoskeleton. Causes a squeezing movement
Define Myenteric Nerve Plexus
A nerve plexus situated in the muscular layers of the intestines
Where is the myenteric nerve plexus?
Myenteric nerve plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscularis.
What is the function of the Myenteric Nerve Plexus
Controls peristalsis and segmentation - mainly controls GI motility (increases number and speed of contractions)
Name the structure
Myenteric nerve plexus
Where is the Submucosal nerve plexus found?
Lies in the submucosa of the intestinal wall and is derived from the myenteric plexus.
What is the function of the submucosal nerve plexus?
Signals glands to secrete. - helps control intestinal secretion, absorption, blood flow, and local contraction.
Name structure
Submucosal nerve plexus
What are the steps of the Digestive Process?
Ingestion Digestion - Mechanical Digestion - Chemical Digestion Absorption Elimination/Defecation
Describe Ingestion
Occurs in the mouth, intake of food.
How does dood move through the digestive tract?
Through peristalsis (and propulsion)
Define Peristalsis
Peristalsis is the major means of propulsion/movement of food. Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving food along the tract distally.
What action does the image show?
The picture shoes food or bolus being moved through contractions and relaxations Peristalsis
What is Mechanical Digestion?
Mechanical digestion describes chewing (mastication), stomach churning, and segmentation. Prepares food for chemical digestion
Define segmentation
Segmentation is rhythmic local constrictions of intestine. Mixes food with digestive juices. Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving food forward then backward. Food is mixed and slowly propelled.
What is Chemical Digestion?
Chemical digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Chemical digestion is where complex molecules are broken down into chemical components. ex: our saliva helps break down food.
Define absorption
Absorption is the transport of digestion nutrients into the blood.
Define Defecation
Also known as elimination, the elimination of indigestible substances as feces
What is found in the Mucosa Layer?
A. Epitheliunmn b. Lamina Propia c. Lymphatic vessel d. Muscularis mucosae
What occurs in the epithelium of the Mucosa layer?
- exocrine cells and glands secrete digestive juices (enzymes) and (from goblet cells) mucous - endocrine cells and glands secrete hormone into blood stream
Define Lamina Propia
Lose to dense connective tissue contains numerous blood and lymphatic capillaries
Define Muscularis Mucosae
A thin layer of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle, maintains tone when tube is empty. Stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
What is found in the Muscularis Externa Layer?
A. oblique muscle b. circular smooth muscle c. longitudinal smooth muscle