If the external limits of Europe are contested, so is the internal identity. There is not one European identity but there are Europeans and European identifications.

One could say that Europeans have difficulties to identify them with Europe. What could be a reason?

The absence of the sense of belonging because there is no single European state, nation, language, government, people and culture.

Why is Cultural Allegiance linked to nations?

Most Europeans owe their legal allegiance to states because of their citizenship.

What is Europe?

Europe is a geographical entity, a cultural sphere and above all some kind of political system.

What is a State?

A legal and political entity that has a government, population, territory, legitimacy, and sovereignty.

What is an International Organization?

A body set up to promote cooperation between or among states based on the principles of voluntary cooperation, communal management and shared interests.

What is a Nation?

A cultural entity and community whose members identify with each other based on shared language, history, culture, territory and symbols.

What is Nationalism?

A belief in the value of preserving the identity of a nation and promoting its interests.

What is Regional Integration?

The promotion of cooperation and collective action among a group of states with the pooling of resources and the creation of opportunities.

What is Communal Management in the context of International Organizations?

International organizations organize themselves and make decisions based on the shared views of their members.

What are the 4 qualities/principals of an International Organization according Chapter 1?

Voluntary cooperation, communal management, shared interests and minimal autonomy.

What are the 4 Freedoms of the Single Market?

Goods, services, people and capital.

What is Functionalism?

A theory describes that if states create functionally specific institutions, regional integration will develop and peace can be achieved through a web of interstate ties without the need for an intergovernmental agreement.

What is the Functional Spillover Effect?

If you start to integrate on one level of policy area, it results in pressure that extends authority to other policy areas. It's like an invisible hand mechanism.

Give an example of a Functional Spillover.

The pooling of coal and steel policies which result in pressure to extend authority to other policy areas.

What is Neo-functionalism?

A theory of European integration, which suggests that multiple actors play a role in the integration process, which is driven by a process of spillover.

What is Integrative Potential?

A measure of the extent to which states will be able to integrate successfully, based on a combination of economic and political factors.

What is Intergovernmentalism?

This theory sees the EU as a meeting place in which representatives from member states negotiate with each other in an attempt to achieve a consensus, but pursue state interest while paying less attention to the broader interests of the community of states.

What are 4 Aspects of Intergovernmentalism?

The state is central and is self-centred, governments have interests and engage in power games and provoke and trigger conflicts

What is Supranationalism?

A theory and model based on the idea that IGO's become the forum for the promotion of joint interests of states involved in cooperation and that there is a transfer of authority.

What is Liberal Intergovernmentalism?

A theory of European Integration combining elements of neo-functionalism and intergovernmentalism argues that it is beneficial for states of Europe to integrate because of self-interest and this results in European integration.

What is Realism?

A theory that argues that we live in a global system and that international relations are driven by a struggle for power among self-interested states.

What is the Treaty of Versailles about?

France post punitive sanction upon Germany after the WW1.

What were 3 important aspects of the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany lost its territory, colonies and had to pay financial restorations.

What were 2 important priorities after WWII?

Economic reconstruction was needed if Europe was to recover and this must include Germany and Europe faced the treats of being on the battlefield between the US and Soviet Union.

What is the Bretton Woods System?

The arrangement of a new sustainable international commercial and financial system based on the gold standard.

What is the Marshall Plan?

A program under which the US offered financial assistance to post-war recovery in Europe.

What is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

A defensive alliance created in 1949 among the US and most western European states designed to sent a warning to the Soviet Union.

What is the European Community of Steel and Coal (ECSC)?

The first organization set up to encourage regional integration in Europe with qualities that were both supranational and intergovernmental.

What were some early post war European initiatives that failed?

European defence and political community.

Why was the Schuman Declaration of 9th of May 1950 revolutionary?

It was the birth certificate of the community of Europe and to give away sovereignty to a supranational authority to help build a new European space.

In 1956, there was a turning point in European Integration. Explain what happened.

Two events happened which were the Suez crisis and the Hungarian uprising and Soviet invasion.

What is the Suez Crisis of 1956 about?

It was an attempt made by Britain, France and Israel to reverse Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal.

What is the European Economic Community (EEC)?

An international organization created in 1957 with the goal of establishing a single market among its member states and economic integration.

What are the 3 Goals of the EEC?

To achieve the single market, eliminations of customs duties between member states and the establishment of common policies on agriculture, trade, transport and competition.

What is the European Atom Energy Community (Euratom)?

An international organization created in 1957 to coordinate research on the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

What is the Cold War?

A war of words, ideas, and ideologies between the US and Soviet Union.

What is an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) ?

A conference among representatives of the governments of the EU member states.

What were some New Conflicts that happened after the Fall of the Soviet Union?

Chechen wars, civil war in former Yugoslavia and the break up of Czechoslovakia.

By which threaty did the EU go from a Community to a Union?

By the treaty of Maastricht in 1992 which entered into force in 1993.

What were some of the effects of the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992? (Mention 3)

New powers were given to the EP, a lot of spillovers in different policy areas, and economic integration lead to social policies.

What are the 3 Pillar System of the Treaty of Maastricht?

Community, common foreign & security policy and justice and home affairs.

What are the 3 Stages of the Process of the Single European Act?

Stage 1 was increasing the free movement of capital and independence of central banks. Stage 2 involves the coordination of monetary policy such as the convergence criteria. Stage 3 was the permanent fixing of exchange rates and the creation of ECB.

What is Stage 1 of the Process of the Single European Act?

Removal of last barriers for the free movement of capital and independence of the central banks.

What is Stage 2 of the Process of the Single European Act?

Involves the coordination of monetary policy such as the convergence criteria and the establishment of the European Monetary Institute.

What is Stage 3 of the Process of the Single European Act?

The permanent fixing of exchange rates and the creation of the ECB.

What is the definition of the Convergence Criteria?

Standards that EU member states must achieve before being allowed to adopt the Euro.

In order to adopt the Euro, a state would have to meet 5 Convergence Criteria which are?

Budget deficit, public debt, inflation, interest rates and exchange rates.

What is the European Economic Area (EEA) ?

An agreement under which EFTA member states were given access to the single European market without full EU members.

Which Criteria were designed for the future members of the European Union?

The Copenhagen criteria.

What is the Copenhagen Criteria?

The requirements for EU membership include democracy, market economy and adopting all existing EU laws.

What is the Acquis Communautaire?

The body of treaties, laws and regulations adopted by the EU.

What is Euroscepticism?

The growing doubts about the idea of European integration.

What is Democratic Deficit?

The notion that political institutions lack transparency, openness and direct accountability to its citizens.

Why was the Common Foreign Security Policy weak?

It was intergovernmental and countries could veto or block decisions.

What is Enhanced Cooperation?

The procedure that allows member states that wish to proceed more rapidly in a policy areas to do so within the EU legal framework.

What is the Lisbon Strategy?

An attempt made in 2000 with the goal of making the EU within 10 years the most dynamic and competitive economy in the world.

The end of the Soviet Union brought American dominance and politically there was more consensus about what??

Liberal democracy and free competition in a market economy.

What are 2 examples of Enhanced Cooperation?

The Schengen Agreement and the adoption of the Euro.

What is the Policy Cycle and what are the stages?

It is a 6 stage model for policymaking. Agenda-setting, formulation, adoption, legitimation, implementation and evaluation.

What is the 1st Step of the Policy Cycle and who is the main actor??

Agenda setting is the process by which a list of problems and issues that require a public response is developed and agreed upon. European Council

What is the 2nd Step of the Policy Cycle and who is the main actor??

Formulation in which a response or proposal is developed to the issue on the agenda. European Commission

What is the 3rd step of the Policy Cycle and who are the main actors?

Adoption. Formally adopting the proposals by converting them into law or policy statements. Council of Ministers and European Parliament.

What is the 4th Step of the Policy Cycle and who is the main actor??

Legitimation in which the policy or law is subject to the rule of law and ensures the legality. European Court of Justice.

What is the 5th Step of the Policy Cycle and who are the main actors??

Implementation which is the process of acting upon adopted policies or laws. European Commission and member states.

What is the 6th Step of the Policy Cycle and who is the main actor?

Evaluation reviews the effectiveness and efficiency of the policies and laws and decides how to proceed.

What is Public Policy?

A policy area that describes whatever governments do to address society's needs and is often driven by emergencies and crises.

What are the wider influences that impact the national policies and give them more complexity?

Policy diffusion and policy convergence.

What is Policy diffusion?

The tendency for policy programmes and ideas to spread from one country to another.

What is Policy Convergence?

The tendency for policies and policy structures in different countries to become similar.

What are the 5 Main Features of the EU Policy Process?

Compromise and bargaining, political games, incrementalism, differentiated integration and elitism and the democratic deficit.

There are some Political Conflicts over Revenue between Integrationist and Intergovernmentalists. Explain their stances.

Integrationists want to have an EU tax and centralize the budget. The intergovernmentalists doesn't want the EU to have any money.

What is Incrementalism?

The idea that initiatives build on what came before.

What is Differentiated Integration?

The notion describes the unequal progress towards European Integration. Some EU member states fully participate and others don't which usually arises out of concerns to protect national sovereignty.

What is 1 Examples of Differentiated Integration?

The monetary integration because not all EU member states have adopted the Euro.

What are two different forms of Differentiated Integration?

Integration a la carte and multi-speed integration.

What is Integration a La Carte?

Situations where some countries do not participate at all in a given initiative such as the case of the Euro and Schengen.

What is Multi-speed Integration?

The situation where a country want to take part but is not yet ready as in the case of delayed membership for Eastern European States.

What is Derogation?

An arrangement by which a member state is excused from implementing part of a law or treaty and allowed to apply it differently.

What is the Multi-Annual Financial Framework (MFF) ?

The financial budget plan of the EU which is decided on an intergovernmental level by the European Council

What is Democratic Deficit?

The idea that EU institutions lack openness and direct accountability to its citizens.

What is the Economic Policy about of the European Union?

The policy concerning with the management of goods and services including productivity, consumption, money, supply and competition.

What is Competition policy about of the European Union?

The policy concerns avoiding marketplace distortion caused by monopolies, cartels, price-fixing, abuse of dominant position and market sharing.

What has the EU done in order to guard against abuse of dominant positions?

The EU have a competition policy focused on the reduction of restrictive practices, the control of mergers and monitoring the effects of state aid.

What are the 4 Freedoms of the Free market?

Free movement of people, capital, goods and services.

Why is it impossible to divorce politics and economics

This is because political decisions are driven by economic needs and pressures, while governments' economic choices are influenced by political considerations.

What is the Customs Union?

An arrangement under which all tariffs, duties, and other restrictions on trade among countries are removed and a common external tariff is in place.

What is Economic Liberation?

The process of opening up markets through reduced regulations of restrictions on competition.

What 3 type of barriers are there when we talk about the Removal of Barriers?

Physical, techinical and fiscal barriers.