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Endocrine Disorders - Details
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204 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| The exocrine glands are responsible for which system? | Digestive system |
| What can cause hypothyroidism? | Autoimmune response Radiation therapy Pituitary disorders Iodine deficiency |
| Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid _______ | Fails to secrete sufficient hormones |
| What are the 3 goals of thyroid storm management? | 1. Induce a normal thyroid state 2. Prevent cardiovascular collapse 3. Prevent excessive hyperthermia |
| What is the emergency treatment of tetany? | IV administration of calcium gluconate |
| What is the postoperative diet following a thyroidectomy? | Cool, clear fluids |
| Voice checks should be performed postoperatively every 2-4 hours to rule out damage to the _______ | Laryngeal nerve |
| Why does a hyperthyroid patient need more nutrients? | Because of increased metabolism |
| If a patient develops hypothyroidism in response to treatment for Graves disease, what kind of therapy will be needed? | Levothyroxine therapy |
| What is the gold standard for treating hyperthyroidism? | Ablation therapy using radioactive iodine |
| The thyroid is controlled by the _______ | Hypothalamus |
| Where will edema be present in a patient with hyperthyroidism/Graves disease? | Anterior portion of the neck Periorbital edema (exophthalmos- bulging of the eyes) |
| Overproduction of T3 and T4 by the increased activity of the thyroid gland are seen in _______ | Hyperthyroidism |
| Hyperthyroidism is also called ______. | Graves disease Exophthalmic goiter Thyrotoxicosis |
| Furosemide increases the losses of which 3 minerals/electrolytes? | Potassium Magnesium Calcium |
| When can diuretics, such as furosemide, be prescribed to a patient with SIADH? | If the serum sodium is at least 125 mEq/L |
| What is necessary to correct sodium imbalance and to pull water out of the edematous brain cells? | Hypertonic saline solution (3%-5%) |
| The later signs of SIADH are _________. | Neurologic, due to brain cells expanding |
| Why does a patient with SIADH NOT develop peripheral edema? | Because the excess fluid is accumulating in the vascular system |
| SIADH is clinically characterized by which two factors? | Hyponatremia Water retention- water intoxication |
| Which medications put a patient at risk for increased production of ADH? | Anesthetics Opiates Barbiturates Thiazide diuretics Oral hypoglycemics |
| What is the most common cause of SIADH? | Malignancies |
| What do the kidneys do in a patient with syndrome of inappropriate ADH? | Reabsorb more water (decreasing urinary output) |
| Hyponatremia, hemodilution, and fluid overload without peripheral edema are seen in a patient with which condition? | Syndrome of inappropriate ADH |
| A synthetic form of ADH called _______ is administered to a patient with diabetes insipidus | Desmopressin acetate |
| When should a patient with diabetes insipidus be weighed? | Early in the morning before breakfast |
| What is diabetes insipidus characterized by? | Polyuria Polydipsia |
| A decrease in ADH causes increased _______ | Urinary output |
| What kind of glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream? | Endocrine glands |
| What is the master gland? | Pituitary gland |
| The pituitary gland is divided into 2 segments: | Anterior and posterior |
| What are the 6 major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? | 1. Somatotropin 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone 3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone 4/5. Gonadotropic hormones: FSH and LH 6. Prolactin |
| Tropic hormones are defined as ones that: | Stimulate activity of another endocrine gland |
| What are the only two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland? | Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| ADH is also called ______. | Vasopressin |
| The thyroid gland is ________ shaped | Butterfly |
| T3 and T4 regulate which 3 functions? | 1. Growth and development 2. Metabolism 3. Activity of the nervous system |
| Where are the parathyroid glands located? | Posterior surface of the thyroid gland |
| What changes occur in the kidneys under the influence of PTH? | Increase reabsorption of calcium and magnesium Accelerates elimination of phosphorus in the urine |
| Both adrenal glands contain the ______ and the ________. | Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
| The adrenal cortex secretes which 3 hormones depending on the layer? | Mineralocorticoids (outer zone) Glucocorticoids (middle zone) Sex hormones (inner zone) |
| The adrenal medulla releases which 2 hormones during times of stress? | Epinephrine Norepinephrine |
| What are the primary sex hormones? | Androgen and estrogen |
| Diabetes insipidus is a metabolic disorder of the ________. | Pituitary gland |
| What is the definitive test for acromegaly? | Growth hormone suppression test |
| After surgical removal of the pituitary tumor, the patient is at risk for __________. | Diabetes insipidus |
| What is idiopathic hyperplasia? | Increase in cells without a known cause |
| The islets of Langerhans secrete which two hormones? | Insulin and glucagon |
| Beta cells secrete ______ | Insulin |
| Alpha beta cells secrete ______ | Glucagon |
| Insulin and glucagon play a major part in the metabolism of _____, _______, and _______ | Carbohydrates Fats Protein |
| When do the ovaries become inactive? | Pregnancy |
| Which gland programs information into the T lymphocytes in utero and the forts few months of life? | Thymosin |
| What hormone do the testes release? | Testosterone |