Developmental Psychology - Details

Levels:

1) Chapter 1 View
2) Chapter 2 View
3) 4: Part 1 of First 3 Years of Life View
4) 5: Part 2 of First 3 Years of Life View
5) 6: Part 3 of First 3 Years of Life View
6) 7: Early Childhood View
7) 8: Early Childhood View
8) 9-10: Middle Childhood View
9) 11: Adolescence View
10) 12: Adolescence View
11) Emerging & Young Adulthood: Physical & Cognitive Dev. View
12) Emerging & Young Adulthood: Psychosocial Dev. View

Questions:

588 questions

🇬🇧		🇬🇧

Goal in the study of human development in which scientists observe behavior in order to describe what happens in the lives of children and adults.

Describe

Goal in which scientists attempt to understand, or explain, why observed behavior occurs—the cause of observed behavior.

Explain

Goal in which scientists make educated guesses about what might happen in the future to behavior.

Predict

Goal in which scientists use the knowledge of causes of behavior to change or control behavior.

Intervene

Growth of the body and brain and change or stability in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.

Physical development

Change or stability in mental abilities, such as learning, memory, language, thinking, moral reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive development

Change and stability in emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Psychosocial development:

Concept about the nature of reality, based on societally shared perceptions or assumptions.

Social construction

Differences in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes.

Individual differences

Inborn characteristics inherited from the biological parents at conception.

Heredity

Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development

Environment

Unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes, including readiness to master new abilities.

Maturation

The influence of heredity on development

Inherited characteristics

The influence of environment on development

Environmental factors

Kinship and household unit made up of one or two parents and their natural, adopted, or stepchildren

Nuclear family

Kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household.

Extended family

Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation.

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative developmental outcome.

Risk factors

A society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products- all learned behavior passed on from parents to children.

Culture

Group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, and/or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity.

Ethnic group

Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group

Normative

Event or influence that is highly similar for people in a particular age group- includes biological (puberty, menopause) and social (marriage, retirement) events.

Normative age-graded influences

Event or influence common to a particular cohort. In this section, the concept of historical generations is defined as a group of people who experience the event at a formative time in their lives.

Normative history-graded influences

Group of people growing up at about the same time.

Cohort

A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.

Historical generation

Characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person, or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life.

Nonnormative

Phenomenon in which newly hatched birds will instinctively follow the first moving object they see- the result of the readiness of the nervous system of the organism to acquire certain information during a brief critical period in early life.

Imprinting

The readiness of an organism's nervous system to acquire certain information

Predisposition toward learning

Specific time when a given event, or its absence, has the greatest impact on development.

Critical period

Range of modifiability of performance.

Plasticity

Times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences.

Sensitive periods

What psychology theory issue focuses on genetic or hereditary influences and experiential or environmental influences determine the kind of person you are?

Nature-Nurture issue

Promoting the idea that individuals are creators

Organismic (active)

"People are simply reactive to their environments; passive observers"

Mechanistic (reactive)

Changes in number or amount, such as the frequency with which a response is made.

Quantitative Change

Each person's genetic make-up determines the environment he or she seeks and has

Gene-Environment Correlations

Not deliberately seeking the environment, the environment has been designed for you, and you didn't have much choice but to be a part of it.

Passive Gene Correlation

Person's Geno type evokes certain reactions from other people

Evocative Gene Correlation

Actively seek/create the environment that would match the gene that one has.

Active Gene Correlation

Theory of whether there is just one path of development or several paths

Universal-Context Specific Development

Self-absorption as they engage in search for identity; because of physiological and physical changes going on that is happening to them; they are practicing the fact that they are different from their parents

Egocentrism

Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species.

Ethology

Darwinian process in which the animal most capable of survival (the one with the most adaptable traits) survives to pass on its genes in offspring.

Survival of the fittest

Attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations

Evolutionary psychology

The weak and those with maladaptive traits are removed from the gene pool, leaving only the strong species

Natural selection

View of development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context.

Contextual perspective

Also known as curiosity stage

Toddlerhood

The temporary support that parents, teachers, or others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone.

Scaffolding

The gap between what children are already able to do and what they are not quite ready to accomplish by themselves.

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Focuses on the social and cultural processes that guide children's cognitive development.

Sociocultural theory

Man behind Sociocultural theory

Lev Vygotsky

Man behind Cognitive-Stage theory

Jean Piaget

The belief that misfortunes cannot happen to them.

Illusion of Invulnerability

The attitude that their feelings and experiences are unique and have never before been experienced by anyone.

Personal Fable

Adolescents' feeling that their behavior is constantly being watched by their peers

Imaginary Audience

Another word for Limbic System

Emotional brain

Reward, pleasure, emotion center; develops first ; dominant part of the brain during teenage years

Limbic System

Plan and control center of the brain; all rational processes develops here

Prefrontal Cortex

Being able to manipulate the world in your mind

Abstract Thinking

Children learn to sort objects by both size and color at this stage.

Concrete Operational

Stage where conservation is resolved

Concrete Operational

Refers to seeing and thinking of the world only from your own viewpoint and having difficulty appreciating someone else's viewpoint.

Egocentric thinking

Refers to the fact that even though the shape of some object or substance is changed, the total amount remains the same.

Conservation

Understanding that objects or events continue to exist even if they can no longer be heard, touched, or seen.

Object Permanence

The constant striving for a stable balance in the shift from assimilation to accommodation.

Equilibration

Motivated to change pre-existing knowledge through the help of adults

Accomodation

Reacting to a particular information based on pre-existing knowledge about it

Assimilation

Your brain is creating a template on how you should react to a particular stimulation

Schema

Involves mental processes, such as attention and memory; may be learned through observation or imitation, and may not involve any people performing any observable behaviors

Cognitive Learning

Man who experimented with a BOBO Doll

Albert Bandura

Viewing development as shaped by unconscious forces.

Psychoanalytic perspective

A therapeutic approach aimed at giving patients insight into unconscious emotional conflicts.

Psychoanalysis

Part of the personality that governs newborns, operating on the pleasure principle

The drive to seek immediate satisfaction of needs and desires

Pleasure principle

Finding realistic ways to gratify the id.

Reality principle

A force in the unconscious and coming out in the form of a slip

Freudian Slips

What is the royal road to the unconscious?

Dreams

What we see in the dream (ex. storyline, imagery)

Manifest Content

The actual meaning of the dream

Latent Content

"We are motivated to restore balance in our body"

Homeostatic Approach theory

Why are we motivated to satisfy our biological drives?

To reduce the tension or pressure

Biological drive that serves the purpose of pleasure and survival

Sex or Eros

Biological drive that serve the purpose of destruction

Aggression or Thanatos

Part of the personality containing the conscience, incorporating socially approved behavior into the child’s own value system.

Superego

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that discourages repetition of a behavior.

Punishment

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that encourages repetition of a desired behavior.

Reinforcement

Learning based on reinforcement or punishment.

Operant conditioning

Learning that requires a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by different stimulus

Classical conditioning

Stage in psychosexual development which lasts throughout adulthood, in which repressed sexual urges resurface to flow in socially approved channels.

Genital stage

Stage in psychosexual development in which the child is sexually calm, and becomes socialized, develops skills, and learns about self and society.

Latency stage

What is the center of pleasure in the Anal stage?

Anus

Stage in psychosexual development in which boys develop sexual attachment to their mothers and girls to their fathers, with aggressive urges toward the same-sex parent

Phallic Stage

Part of the personality that represents reason, operating on the reality principle.

Ego

An unvarying sequence of stages of personality development during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals.

Psychosexual development

Stage in psychosexual development in which feeding is the main source of sensual pleasure.

Oral stage

In psychoanalysis, an arrest in development that can show up in adult personality.

Fixation

The core strength in Play Age

Purpose

What crisis arises during Play Age?

Initiative and Guilt

The core pathology in early childhood

Compulsion

The core pathology in Adolescence

Role repudiation

Developmental Psychology

Practice Known Questions

Exams

Learn New Questions

Developmental Psychology - Leaderboard