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Coun 635


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Megan Mauriello


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[Front]


What 3 characteristics dominate the career development landscape?
[Back]


Change, transition, and instability

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What is the spillover hypothesis
Feelings in one area of life affect feelings in another area
What is career development
Lifelong psychological & behavioral processes as well as contextual influences shaping a person's career over lifespan
Career
A lifestyle concept, course of events constituting a life, total constellation of roles played over a lifetime, totality of work in a life
Career development interventions
Activities that empower people to cope effectively with career development tasks
True reasoning
(Frank Parsons) a systemic process of occupational decision making
What is a psycograph
(developed by Morris Viteles in 1932) graphic representation of a person's relevant characteristics & strengths - rated 1-10
Describe the trait- and- factor theory
Emphasis on a person's relevant traits & characteristics (Williamson 1939) 1. analysis 2. synthesis 3. diagnosis 4. prognosis 5. counseling 6. follow-up
How do we link work with worth
- importance of work - positive qualities - social interactions - feelings about work contributions -impact on self-esteem -psychological distress
What is "career ethic"
Find your fit & don't quit Maccoby & Terzi
What are capacities that Friedman believes 21st century workers must have
1. must be constantly engaged in learning 2. cultivare a passion for, & curiosity about life 3. expand their capacity to work collaboratively 4. balance analytical thinking with creative energy a.) the capacity to cope w change & tolerate ambiguity b.) the ability to acquire & use occupational info effectively c.) the ability to adjust quickly to changing work demands d.) working knowledge of technology
What do effective career counselors need to do
1. use rational & intuitive approaches 2. achieve clarity about the importance they attach to life roles & values they want to embody by inhabiting these roles 3. cope effectively with ambiguity, change, and transition 4. develop & maintain occupational & career awareness 5. develop & maintain occupational & career awareness 6. develop occupationally relevant skills & knowledge 7. access & participate in lifelong learning opportunities 8.search for jobs effectively 9. provide & receive career mentoring 10. develop & maintain skills in multicultural awareness & communication
How does Badura define self-efficacy beliefs
People's judgements of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances
What 4 sources shape self-efficacy beliefs
1. personal performance accomplishments 2. vicarious learning 3. social persuasion 4. physiological states and reactions
Explain outcome expectations
Ones beliefs about extrinsic reinforcement (receiving tangible rewards for successful performance), self-directed consequences (such as pride in oneself for mastering a challenging task), and outcomes derived from the process of performing a given activity
Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma believe that career choice is a developmental process. What are the 3 stages in their process?
1. fantasy (birth to age 11) 2. tentative (age 11-17) 3. realistic (ages 17- early 20s)
What did Ginsburg, Axelrad,and Herma think the 4 factors that shape a person's career decisions?
Individual values, emotional factors, amount & kind of education, and effect of reality through environmental pressures
Super focused on various ______ & _____ elements that influence career development
Personal (needs,values, abilities) & situational (peer groups, family, labor market)
What does Gottfredson's theory focus on?
Sex-role stereotyping influences career aspirations of men & women (developmental & sociological perspective as ti relates to people formulating their occupational aspirations)
What were Super's 3 key aspects of career development?
1. lifespan 2. life space 3. self-concept
Super's 3 aspects of career development creates the intervention called what?
Career Development Assessment & Counseling (C-DAC) model
Super theorized developmental tasks people encounter and created stages and substages of career development. What are they?
Growth (childhood), exploration (adolescence), establishment (early adulthood), maintenance (middle adulthood), and disengagement (late adulthood)
Super believed people play 9 roles during their lives. What are they?
1. son or daughter 2. student 3. leisure 4. citizen 5. worker 6. spouse or partner 7. homemaker 8. parent 9. pensioner
What are the 4 theaters of Super's roles?
1. home 2. school 3. workplace 4. community
What does the Adult Career Concerns Inventory (ACCI) do?
(Super) measures adult clients concerns at each stage of life span, life-space-theory; exploration, establishment, maintenance, and disengagement
What does the Career Development Identity (CDI) do?
Assesses whether high school and college students are ready to make career decisions
What does the Salience Inventory do?
Measures the relative importance of 5 life roles in 3 dimensions, one behavioral, & two affective
What does the Values Scale measure
21 intrinsic (creativity, altruism) & extrinsic (economi rewards) values that people hope to express in their life roles
What is the family genogram for ?
(Borodovsky & Ponterotto) useful for exploring interactions between family background, cultural prescriptions, & career planning - tracks career decisions across generations
What are the Holland codes
R- realistic , I- investigative, A - artistic, S- social, E - enterprising, C- conventional
What does Gottfredson's theory emphasizes what ?
Career choice is an attempt to place oneself in the broader social order
Gottfredson believes people distinguish occupations according to the dimensions of what?
Masculinity-feminity, occupational restive, and field of work
Identifies factors influencing the career decisions people make
Social learning theory of career decision making (SLTCDM) (Krumboltz)
What is looked for within the Social Cognitive Career Theory
Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and career goals
What are the 6 steps in the Cognitive Information Processing theory
1. understand context of client's career problem 2. preliminary assessment to determine the client's readiness for career decision making 3. analyze causes of the problem 4. formulate goals 5. develop a plan 6. execute the plan
What theory empazises integrating the mind, body, and spirit
Hansen's Integrative Life Planning theory
Hansen defines 6 career development tasks where individuals must:
1. find work where they can contribute to a positive chance for social and environment 2. weave their lives into a “meaningful whole” 3. negotiate work and family roles/balance 4. celebrate their diversity and develop multicultural competencies 5. manage personal transitions and organizational change 6. explore spirituality and their life’s purpose
What is the Chaos theory of careers
Individuals construct meaning through the decisions and actions they make
Bandura defines self-efficacy as
Peoples judgements of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances
What four sources shape self-efficacy beliefs
1. personal performance accomplishments 2. vicarious learning 3. social persuasion 4. physiological states and reactions
What is etic
Perspective that career development interventions for members of minority groups should be the same as the career development interventions used for those representing the minority
What are the 4 facts that Fischer said appear to be "the universal elements of healing in all cultures"
A.) the therapeutic relationship b.) shared worldview c.) client expectations (attitude towards counseling) d.) ritual or intervention (other three help set up stage for step 4)
What is acculturation
The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group
What is a marginal person
Someone who is psychologically caught between two cultures
What are two characteristics of a marginal person
- hold negative views toward both their own culture and host culture - identity crisis : chronic restlessness, self-consciousness, and feelings of inferiority
What are the 5 stages of Racial Identity Development (Atkinson, Morten, & Sue)
A.) conformity b.) dissonance c.) resistance & immersion d.) introspection e.) synergistic articulation & awareness
Describe characteristics of an individual in the conformity stage of Racial Identity Development
Belief in dominant cultures value system - including perception of racial/ ethnic minorities- attitudes towards members of own group may be negative (racial self-hatred as result of cultural racism)
Describe characteristics of an individual in the dissonance stage of Racial Identity Development
More gradual to this stage, but significant events may push someone to this stage- usually move to this stage after interacting with someone that counters conforming stage - usually trying to open up their views - may be engaging in self-exploration
Describe characteristics of an individual in the resistance & immersion stage of Racial Identity Development
Reject views and values of dominant culture - often leads to intense anger - view oppression as primary source for concerns
Describe characteristics of an individual in the introspection stage of Racial Identity Development
Entertain that not everything in dominant culture is that bad - occurs when someone begins to feel more secure in racial identity
Describe characteristics of an individual in the synergistic articulation & awareness stage of Racial Identity Development
Examine values of own group and dominant culture - accept or reject views based on their own experiences - begin to experience self-fulfillment (attitude similarity becomes more important than membership-group similarity when seeking a counselor)
List steps of Cross' model that is similar to racial identity development
-pre-encoutner stage - encounter stage - immersion - emersion stage - internalization stage - internalization - commitment
List the 5 stages of the Gender-related Identity Development model introduced by Downing and Roush
1. passive acceptance 2. revelation 3. embeddedness - emancipation 4. synthesis 5. active commitment
More current approaches in therapy tend to be more ____ & more observant of _____
Emic & culture (how is it affecting people / influencing people)
List the 6 stages of Identity Development - suggested by Cass
1. confusion 2. comparison 3. tolerance 4. acceptance 5. pride 6. synthesis
What are 5 factors that are important for career development counselors to address
1. separation of work & family roles 2. emphasis on individualism & autonomy 3. view that work is central activity 4. notion that career development is a linear & rational process 5. white, male bias in occupational opportunity structure
Define career data
A collection of fact about occupational & educational opportunities (use this data to then make unformed decision)
What are 3 responsibilities related to career data that counselors use
1. select high-quality print materials, computer-assessed career guidance systems, & websites 2. make the availability of resources known to students & clients & make it user friendly 3. assist clients to process & make use of data from these tests (turn the data into information - most important role)
What are the 8 deciders in the decision-making process
1. planful 2. agonizing 3. impulsive 4. intuitive 5. complaint 6. delaying 7. fatalistic 8. paralytic
Describe the planful stage in decision-making
Systematic, step-by-step manner: steps include setting a goal, finding alternatives to help reach goal, collecting info about alternatives, selecting one thats most likely to reach goals, taking action steps to implement that alternative (usually able to make decisions with minimum assistance)
Describe the agonizing stage in decision-making
Systematic, step-by-step manner but too concerned with finding alternatives & analyzing that they are never able to make a decision
Describe the impulsive stage in decision-making
Doesn't find values in systematic process, decides quickly (does not recognize need or value of data)
Describe the intuitive stage in decision-making
Selects one alternative over another without needing to plan, use experience & goals to effectively decide quickly
Describe the compliant stage in decision-making
Allows others to make decision for them, rely on data others may have collected
Describe the delaying stage in decision-making
Pushes off deciding out of fear, lack of data, or lack of motivation, not ready to use or collect data
Describe the fatalistic stage in decision-making
Do not believe they have control over events of life, determined by external forces, not ready to collect or use data
Describe the paralytic stage in decision-making
Knows they need to decide but not able to move forward due to fear of process or possible outcomes, not ready to collect or use data, too much dat may even make worse
Define values/characteristic
Criteria that guide decisions
Define career planning
Sequential process of making educational & vocational choices based on knowledge of self & environment