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Chapter 24 Lifespan Development


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[Front]


What helps people stay health & live longer?
[Back]


improved sanitation, medications, immunizations, exercise, & nutrition

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What helps people stay health & live longer?
Improved sanitation, medications, immunizations, exercise, & nutrition
Factors identified as predictors of longevity?
Include health, happiness, avoidance of tobacco products & job satisfaction
Life expectancy
The number of years an individual probably will live, based on the average for others with similar characteristics
What is the average life expectancy for US 2015?
79.3 years with women's life expectancy being longer than men
Life expectancy in US differ with?
Population groups; more income longer life expectancy
Infant mortality rate
Refers to the number of deaths before 1; double in African American infants than white
What are the 4 overarching goals for population?
To attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve the health of all groups to create social & physical environments that promote good health for all to promote quality of life, healthy development & health behaviors across all life stages
Development
A lifelong process that begins at conception, the beginning of pregnancy, & ends with death
What is development influenced by?
A series of interacting events, including personal behaviors, genetics, & the environment
Infancy
Birth to 1 year; learn to either trust or not trust that significant others will properly care for their basic needs
Toddler
1 to 3 years; children learn to be either self-sufficient in many activities (including toileting, feeding, walking, & talking) or doubt their own abilities
Preschool
3 to 5 years; children want to undertake many adult-like activities, sometimes going beyond the limits set by parents & feeling guilty because of it
School age
6 to 12 years; children eagerly learn to be competent & productive or feel inferior & unable to do any task well
Adolescence
13 to 19 years; adolescents try to figure out their personal identity. They establish sexual, ethnic, & career identities or are confused about what future roles to play
Early adulthood
20 to 40 years; young adults seek companionship & love with another person or become isolated from others
Middle adulthood
40 to 65 years; Middle-aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work & raising a family, or become stagnant & inactive
Late adulthood
65 years & over; older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as meaningful & whole or despairing at goals never reached & questions never answered
Living beings undergo continuous changes throughout lifespan such as?
Physical, such as replacement of cells, tissues, & fluids; involve cognition, communication, emotions, behavior, & feelings
Growth
Refers to an increase in size & may involve the entire being or parts within
Development
Refers to function & the gradual process of change & differentiation, from simple to complex
Cephalocaudal & Proximodistal
Two directional terms important to understanding growth & development
Cephalocaudal
Is defined as growth & development that proceeds from the head toward the feet; infant's head is large as compared with the rest of its body
Proximodistal
Refers to growth & development that originates in the center of the body & moves toward the outside; infant gains control of the shoulders before developing control of the hands & fingers
What plays an important role in growth patterns?
Nutrition, heredity, & environment
Chromosones
Threadlike structure in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information; blueprint for all inherited traits
The process of division, transmission, & mixing of chromosomes accounts for?
The variations in distinctive family traits or their continuity
Conception( fertilization)
The union of the sperm & ovum, which combines the genetic material of both parents; produces the unique individual; development begins
Zygote
The developing ovum from the time it is fertilized until, as a blastocyst, it is implanted in the uterus, contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes; happens after fertilization
Ovum
Always carries an X chromosome
Sperm
Sometimes carries an X & sometimes a Y chromosome
Environmental factors
Also play a role in contributing to certain diseases or defects in the unborn
Teratogen
Is a substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development , causing then formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus
Family
The basic unit of society; also first socializing agent for teaching children society's expectations & limitations
Basic functions inherent to the family unit?
Include protection, nurturance, education, sustenance, & socialization
Changes that have affected modern families
Economic changes, increase in the number of women in the workforce Feminist movement More effective birth control Legalization of abortion Postponement of marriage & childbearing Increase in divorce rate
Nuclear family
Normal family composition; is a unit that consists of parents & their biologic offspring; gender-based roles assigned to its members but has been less prevalent in US for many decades
In the modern-day nuclear family
Father was the primary source of income
Extended family
Consists of the nuclear or traditional family & additional family such as grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, & uncles who live in the same household
What is common in extended family?
A sharing of support, roles, & responsibilities
Extended family constitutes
The basic family structure in many societies
Single-parent family
Exists today by choice or as the result of death, divorce, separation, or abandonment
Blended (reconstituted) family
Also called step family; is formed when adults remarry & bring together children from previous marriages; potentially presents many type of stresses
Social contract family(cohabitation)
Involves an unmarried couple living together & sharing roles & responsibilities
Homosexual family
Comprises a same-sex couple; consists of biologic, adopted, or foster children
Transgender family
May consist of one or more parents who have had a gender reassignment or are gender nonconforming
Adoptive family
Is a family unit with adopted children; achieve the same fulfillment associated with parenting as those families created by natural procreation
Grandfamilies
Refer to families with children under the age of 18 years who live with or in the custody of grandparents; represents a growing demographic
Foster family
Results when the biologic parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children; placement traditionally involve abuse or neglect
Family patterns
Refer to the way in which family members relate to one another; example: autocratic, patriarchal, matriarchal, & democratic patterns
Autocratic family pattern
The relationships are unequal; parents attempt to control the children with strict rigid rules & expectations; least open to outside influence
Patriarchal family pattern
The adult male (or males in the family) usually assumes the dominant role
The adult male family member
Functions in the work role, is responsible for control of finances, & makes most decisions
Matriarchal family pattern
Also known as the matrifocal family; the adult female (or females of the family) assumes primary dominance in areas of child care & homemaking & in financial decision making
Democratic family pattern
The adult members function as equal; children are treated with respect & recognized as individuals
What does democratic family patterns encourage?
Joint decision making, & it recognizes & supports the uniqueness of each individual member
What does democratic family pattern favor?
Negotiation, compromise, & growth
Engagement or commitment stage
Begins when the couple acknowledges to themselves & others that they are considering marriage
Establishment stage
Extends from the wedding up until birth of the first child
What is one important tasks during the establishment stage?
The adjustment from the single, independent state to the married, interdependent state
What are challenges newly married couples face?
Learning to live with another person & together managing two-person decision making, conflict resolution, & communication
Marriage
To the average young adult is an important serious change that requires major adjustments
Expectant stage
Begins with conception & continues through the pregnancy
Pregnancy requires
Physiologic & psychological
Important decisions considered during pregnancy
Childbirth methods, continuation or modification of employment, child care, & feeding methods
What is the desired outcome of pregnancy?
Is that a bond or attachment is established between parents & the new baby
Surrogacy
The agreement of a women makes to be artificially inseminated, voluntarily or for a fee, to bear a child, & then relinquish the parenting rights to the baby's natural father or another couple
Parenthood stage
Begins at the birth or adoption of the first child
Transition to parenthood
Is a major event
Common signs of stress in children
Mood swings, acting-out behavior, change in eating or sleeping, frequent stomachaches, headaches, or other unexplained somatic symptoms, excessive clinging to parents, thumb-sucking, bedwetting, return to behavior typical of an earlier stage of development
Compounding the lack of time
Is the stress of parenting& the self-doubt about ability & competency in this new role
Disengagement stage
That period of family life when grown children depart from there home; the role of parenting changes during this phase of life cycle
Senescence stage
Is the last stage of the life cycle and requires the individual to cope with a large range of changes
The greater life expectancy for women means
Older women commonly outlive their spouses and continue life alone
The grand parenting role requires
New adaptations, such as change in one's roles & sense of identity
Most common stressors that affect the family unit
Chronic illness, abuse, & divorce
Talking about what is causing the child's uneasy feelings
Helps minimize the child's discomfort & helps bring about possible solutions
Factors that determine an individual's ability to cope with a family member's chronic illness
Financial resources, family stability, & the adequacy of the support system
Alternative family patterns
More common in today's families often experience change & must adjust to new circumstances
Changes to the family's composition & economic factors
Have resulted in more women in the labor force
Abuse
Refers to physical, emotional, financial, & verbal abuse, sexual assault, & neglect
Children younger than 1 year of age
Have the highest rate of victimization, & the abuser is most commonly a parent
Early recognition, prompt reporting, & preventive measures
Are called for to help detect & end all forms of abuse & neglect
Divorce
Is widespread; it continues to affect more than 1 million children annually
Fully appreciating the scope of human growth & development
Involves examining a few aspects of development across a larger spectrum
Erik Erikson
Viewed the life cycle as a series of developmental stages, each accompanied by a developmental task or challenge
During infancy
The unique ability of the brain to sort out basic sounds & to extract from sentences the most meaningful elements becomes apparent
The basic sequence of language; at 3 months
Babbling; sounds they can make by enhancing the force of the air stream as it passes their vocal cords & by varying the positions of their tongue & mouth
The basic sequence of language; at 1 year
Recognition of words; the ability to produce holo phrases (one word sentences that convey a complete message "up")
Early speech often
Is referred to as telegraphic speech
Piaget focused on
The concept of cognitive development beginning in infancy & continuing throughout the childhood years
Piaget's Stages Of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor, pre-operational thought, concrete operational thought, formal operational thought
Sensorimotor; Birth to 2 years
Use senses & motor abilities to understand the world & coordinates sensorimotor skills; this period belongs with reflexes, develops schema, begins to interact with the environment, learns that an object still exist when it is out of sight & begins to remember & imagine experiences, develops thinking & goal-directed behavior
Formal Operational Thought; 12+ years
Uses a systematic, scientific problem-solving approach; recognizes past, present, & future; is able to think about abstractions & hypothetical concepts & is able to move in thought "from real to the impossible"; becomes more interested in ethics, politics, & all social & moral issues as ability to take a broader & more theoretic approach to experience increases