Chapter 17
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Chapter 17 - Leaderboard
Chapter 17 - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Milliequivalent | Refers to the concentration of electrolytes in a certain volume of solution, expressed as milliequivalent per liter (mEq/L) |
| Numerator | The "top" number of a fraction |
| Denominator | The "bottom" number of a fraction |
| Percent | Its symbol, %, mean "hundredths" |
| Fraction | Is called a "percentage" |
| Proportion | Is a relationship between two ratios of equal value |
| Means | The inner terms of the proportion |
| Extremes | The outer terms of the proportion |
| Ratio | Is the relationship of one number or quantity to another number or quantity |
| Dimensional analysis method | Also called factor labeling or the label factor method |
| Body surface area | Is defined as the total area exposed to the outside environment |
| Pharmacology | Is the study of drugs (medications) & their action on the living body |
| Metabolite | Is a substance produced by metabolic action, which results in the breakdown of the drug |
| Cumulative | Increasing by increments |
| Dosage | Is the schedule of administration (amount & frequency) of a drug prescribed for the patient by the health care provider |
| Therapeutic | Beneficial |
| Drug interaction | A modification of the effect of a drug when administered with another drug |
| Potentiation; or synergism | When one drug increases the action or the effect of another drug |
| Compatibility | Is the quality or state of harmonious coexistence |
| Agonist | A drug that produces a predictable response at the intended site of action |
| Antagonist | Is a drug that blocks the action of another drug |
| Idiosyncratic | Reaction to a drug results from the individual's unique hypersensitivity to it |
| Toxicity | Dangerous buildup of a substance, & unexpected drug reactions |
| Tolerance | A reduced response to a drug over time |
| Adverse drug reaction | A harmful, unintended reaction to a drug administered at a normal dosage |
| Enternal | Are absorbed within the GI tract |
| Enteric-coated | Tablets are encased by a coated shell that keeps the tablet from being absorbed in the stomach; absorption takes place in the intestines |
| Pulverized | Crushed to a powder |
| Graduated | Has markings indicating marked amount; total volume of cup is 30 mL, or 1oz or appropriate graduated syringe |
| Meniscus | Curved formed by liquid's upper surface |
| Souffle cup | Ungraduated disposable paper cup |
| Percutaneous | (through the skin or mucous membrane) include lotions, ointments, creams, & powders |
| Sublingual | Under the tongue |
| Buccal | In the cheek |
| Total applications | Applied to the skin |
| Irrigations | Involve a gentle washing of an area with a stream of solution delivered through a syringe |
| Parenteral | Routes are those other than the digestive system route |
| Ampules | Glass containers accessed by snapping off the top part of the ampule with a collar, gauze, or alcohol swab |
| Syringe | Consists of a barrel, a plunger, |
| Lumen | The inside of the hollow shaft |
| Gauge | A standard or scale of measurement |
| Intermittent venous access device | (commonly called a saline lock, previously called a heparin lock) is an IV infusion device with male adapters covered by diaphragms for the administration of intermittent infusions & as an access site for emergency drug infusion |
| Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) | Is a drug-delivery system that dispenses a preset IV dose of an opiod analgesic into a patient's vein when the patient pushes a button that is connected to the PCA system via a cord |
| Drip factor | An apparatus that is used to deliver measured amounts of IV solutions of specific flow rates that are based on the size of drops of the solution |
| Anaphylactic shock | A severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction |
| Liter(L) | Volume (amount) of fluids |
| Gram(g) | Weight of solids |
| Meter(m) | Measure of length |
| Deca | 10 times the unit |
| Hecto | 100 times the unit |
| Kilo | 1000 times the unit |
| 1 liter (L) | 1000 milliliters (mL) |
| 0.001 liter (L) | 1 milliliter (mL) |
| 1 milliliter (mL) | 1 cubic centimeter (cc) |
| 1 gram (g) | 1000 milligrams (mg) |
| 0.001 gram (g) | 1 milligram (mg) |
| 1 kilogram (kg) | 1000 grams (g) |
| 0.001 kilogram (kg) | 1 gram (g) |
| 30 milliliters (mL) | 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) |
| 500 milliliters (mL) | 1 pint (pt) |
| 1000 milliliters (1L) | 1 quart (qt) |
| 60 milligrams (mg) | 1 grain (gr) |
| 1000 milligrams (mg) | 15 grains (gr XV) |
| 30 grams (g) | 1 ounce (oz) |
| 0.45 kilogram (kg) | 1 pound (lb) |
| 1 kilogram (kg) | 2.2 pounds (lb) |
| 1 teaspoon (tsp) | 5 mL |
| 1 tablespoon (tbs) | 15 mL |
| 1 ounce | 30 mL |
| 1 cup | 240 mL |
| Nursing responsibilities in solving dosage problems | Check whether the answers reasonable, do not allow any errors in calculating, recheck calculations, reduce distractions, work problems systematically & carefully, & perform dosage calculations independently; then ask another nurse to perform the same dosage calculation problem, & check answers |
| Method of calculation | Used most commonly for dosages of medications for infants & children, but it can be used for a patient of any age |
| Factors the health care provider should consider when administering meds for a child? | Age, weight, body surface area, & the ability of the child to absorb, metabolize, & excrete medication |
| Young's rule | A method of calculating the appropriate dose of a drug for a child 2 years of age & older; Age of child/Age of child + 12 multiply Average adult dose = Child's dose |
| Clark's rule | Another method of calculating the appropriate dosage of a drug for a child, in this rule the child's weight is used to determine dosage; Weight of child in pounds/150 multiply Average adult dose = Child's dose |
| Fried's rule | Is used to calculate appropriate dosages for infants younger than 2 years; Age in months/150 multiply Average adult dose = Child's dose |
| What are drugs used for? | To restore & maintain the healthy functioning of body tissues, organs, & systems & in diagnostic procedures |
| Pharmaceutical phase | From the manufacturing of the drug until the absorption of the drug in the patient's body |
| Pharmacokinetic phase | Involves the movement of the drug's active ingredients from the body fluids into the patient's system & to the site where the intended action of the drug takes place |
| Pharmacodynamic phase | The drug's active ingredient interacts with the intended body tissues |
| What is necessary to assess & consider when administering drug? | Patient's hepatic (liver) & renal (kidney) functions because decrease hepatic & renal function has the potential to prolong the length of time a drug stays in the body & may continue to be active |
| Toxic | Harmful |
| Lethal | Deadly |
| Liver | Main organ that inactivates & metabolizes drug |
| Kidneys | The principal organs that eliminate the metabolites of drugs from the body |
| Dose of medicine | Refers to a single administration of a drug |
| Terms used with medication orders | Stat, now, one time only, & prn (give as necessary) |
| Stat | Medications that are planned to mange an emergency patient condition; have the highest priority ranking; need to be completed before other orders; time of actual administration must be documented; order is a one time only dose |
| Now | High in priority but should be completed after stat orders |
| One time only | Medication is to be administered as a single dose |
| Prn (give as necessary) | Patient is permitted to request this medication, or the nurse may offer it; must specify a definite time interval between permitted repeat administrations |
| What 2 types of action do medications produce in patient's body | Local & systemic |
| Local action by a drug | Produces an effect only in the area where the drug has been placed |
| Systemic action | Affects the entire body, because the drug enters the patient's systemic circulation |
| Drug compatibility | The ability to administer medications together easily without any difficulty for the patient |
| Drug incompatibility | The medications do not combine well chemically or physically; should not be given together |
| Cardiotonics | Drugs that slow & strengthen the heart |
| Antihypertensives | Drugs that lower blood pressure |
| Hypoglycemic agents | Oral medications that lower blood glucose level |
| Insulin | Injectable medication that lowers blood glucose level |